Training on Performance of Employees in Etihad Airways

genteelness on Per arrive atance of Employees in Etihad Air personal mannersThis look into throw away aims to check into the partake of planning on the employees of El Etihad, a s tumefy known air passage based in the Middle East with operations across the world.1.1. Overview schooling and ontogenesis play very crucial graphemes in the enhancement of individual abilities and professional advancement of organisational employees (Gerber Lankshear, 2000). Numerous changes have occurred in the global economic and business environment since the end of the Second initiation War. much(prenominal) changes, which have intensified in nature and grasp since the 1980s, embroil rapid advancement in technology, the dismantling of physical and economic barriers in the midst of nations, the development of instantaneous methods of communication across long distances, and sharp decrease in costs of international travel (Gerber Lankshear, 2000).The phenomenal increase in international travel is an integral part of globalisation and has in bit led to immense churning in the respiratory tracts assiduity (Craig Douglas, 2000). The air hose perseverance has witnessed the take of numerous new airlines across the world, even as well established and once famous airlines have had to close down. Whilst new airlines ilk Ryan Air and Easy jet have come up in the UK, numerous new airlines have sprung up in China, India and the Middle East. much(prenominal) growth in the airline industry has resulted in intensification of competition, segmentation of nodes, and the emergence of low cost airlines and chartered trips (Craig Douglas, 2000). Etihad is one such airline, which was established in 2003 in Abu Dhabi and has in a short period of time braggy signifi quartertly two in operations and in sales. Operating in an intensely combative environment, the organisation charters to improve its sales and operable efficiencies in commit to break even and become finan ci onlyy possible (Craig Douglas, 2000).It is widely recognised that with all another(prenominal) things being equal, the competitive utility of organisations, both in production and in service vault of heavens, is determined by the quality of organisational employees and the levels of customer service (Eaton, 2001). The role of employees is oddly important in service sectors interchangeable hotels and airlines, where individual customer satisfaction is often unfree upon the quality of service provided by organisational employees. All modern day airlines, enceinte and small, recognise the importance of employees and their role in the achievement of competitive gain and organisational growth (Eaton, 2001).airline employees, both on the ground and those who fly, argon elect with great c ar and trained continuously and intensely in order to improve operational efficiencies, customer service and competitive advantage.1.2. Aims and nonsubjectivesThis search image aims to det ermine the role of prep of employees in Etihad airlines on the organisational efficiency, customer service, and competitive advantage of El Etihad Airlines. Its objectives atomic number 18 as under(a)To examine the role of training in proceeds of organisational efficiency and competitive advantage of organisations.To investigate how training can improve the performance of employees in the airlines sector.To investigate and rate the ways in which training can help the performance of employees at Etihad Airways1.3. look into QuestionsThe research questions for this project are framed as under query Questions 1 What are the organisational advantages of training? question Question 2 How can such advantages improve the performance of employees in the Airlines sector? search Question 3 How can training improve employee and organisational performance at Etihad Airways?Research Question 4 How depart such improvement impact the operational and financial performance of Etihad Airways? 1.4. Terms and DefinitionsTerms and DefinitionsDetails epistemological ApproachThe approach of knowledge vicenary and soft MethodsThe two master(prenominal) methods of social researchPopulationThe group of people or things under probe in research projects attemptA small muckle of the population that is expected to have the attri furtheres of the wider population1.5. Limitations of get wordThis interpret will be limited by the amount of tuition accessed during the race of investigation of primary and secondary sources. Whilst extensive efforts will be pull back to obtain germane(predicate) entropy, it is very possible that roughly facts that are relevant may not be unearthed. much(prenominal) inadequacies could limit the final synopsis and results of the project.2. Literature canvassEtihad AirwaysEtihad Airways was established in July 2003, through the proclamation of a royal decree by Sheikh Khalifa, the President of the UAE. Etihad is the national mail carrier of the United Arab Emirates, and offers air travel within country and to numerous other global destinations (iloveindia.com, 2009). It is based in Abu Dhabi, the capital of UAE. The company is yet to locating a profit and has faced difficult times in the catch fire of the global economic downturn of 2008 (iloveindia.com, 2009).Competition in the Airline persistenceThe airline industry has faced very challenging times everywhere the course of the past decade and continues to face multifaceted and tough situations. The industry suffered extremely in the days after the September 11 attacks, when oecumenical drops in air travel compelled a number of celebrated airlines, determine the likes of Swissair, to seal operations beca utilisation of enormous operational and financial losses (Yousfi, 2008). The big hike in fuel costs in recent years, which in 2007 shot up to more than than 140 USD per barrel and now floats amongst USD 70 and 75 per barrel, is adversely affecting the operati ons and finances of all passenger airlines. The airline industry, globally, has suffered losses worth billions of dollars in recent periods and expects to make a nominal profit of 0.05% in 2011 (Yousfi, 2008). Etihad has not just been adversely affected by adverse global environmental plenty but in like manner by competition from strong Middle East airlines like Qatar Airlines and Gulf Air. The organisation faces extremely strong international and local competition, and is determination it difficult to break even and thereafter make profits (Yousfi, 2008).Training and suppurationTraining and evolution constitutes the overall organisational strategies and policies that are adopted by organisations for helping employees to improve their individual and collective organisational abilities and skills (Adiele, 2009). Training initiatives aim to come along workforces with better ability in order to allow organisations and employees to attain their objectives for customer satisfaction and service. Training re perplexs all the activities that are interpreted up, both by organisations or individually by employees, to improve employee performance in live or associated areas of employment (Adiele, 2009).Training in organisations comprises of two important segments, i.e. cozy training and external training (Vemic, 2007). Internal training is provided within the organisation. Such training can be classified into off-job and on-job training, on-job training standing for the improvement of skills through the actual participation of workers in their jobs and off-job training standing for learning enhancement through observation either in class cortege or in the work bulge (Vemic, 2007). External training represents training that is arranged step forwardside companies, mostly by consultants and professionals (Vemic, 2007).Need for Training and DevelopmentEmployees inquire to be trained for unlike reasons. Whilst staffing of employees is carried out on the bum of their overall suitability for the jobs expected of them by way of educational ground and achievements, prior training and working experience, changes in work place and environmental conditions, as well as alterations in work requestments, often have employees to enhance their skills (Lowson, 2002). Training needs could arise because of reasons like (a) the inculcation of clean technologies and work processes, (b) alterations in manufacturing, service or other work processes, (c) the need to prepare employees for additional responsibilities, (d) the need to prepare workers to take on better responsibilities, (e) the need to develop their awareness nearly environmental and business circumstances and (f) the need to develop or alter their attitudes and doingss (Lowson, 2002).Organisations are progressively emphasising on the importance of ethics in the work place (Vemic, 2007). Modern organisations are informing employees about the honest direction of their organisations and the requirement for employees to maintain ethical codes of conduct. Apart from ethics, training programmes are frequently designed to give employees social skills and conflict minimisation techniques (Vemic, 2007). Inculcation of the requirement for preservation of work place harmony also helps workers in better their relationships with others. Training also plays a key role in inculcating safety in working processes (Vemic, 2007).Benefits of Training and DevelopmentHR experts are agreed on the positive benefits of training, not just for junior members of the workforce, but even more for supervisors and managers, for augmentation of individual and organisational productivity and performance (Gerber Lankshear, 2000). Suitable and well planned training assists workers to develop their skills and knowledge, as well as to acquire new skills. Many studies have shown that employees can toil considerably faster and with lesser errors after proper training. Such training allows them to do their jobs better and enables them to take on new responsibilities. Whilst training assists organisational performance and efficiency, it also increases employee worth and augments their value in the employment trade (Gerber Lankshear, 2000). Please see Appendix 2, which details the various benefits of training and development in the form of a chart.3. Research Methods3.1. Methodological Perspectives3.1.1. Important Research FactorsResearch in areas management come under the broad scope of economic research (Bryman Bell, 2007). The research methodology for such assignments is determined in stipulation with the doctrine of social research and is shaped by the persona of the subject under moot and the infrastructural and other resources operable with the researcher. The choice of commensurate research methods and techniques involves the selection of precise research methods and the most appropriate sources of information (Bryman Bell, 2007).3.1.2. quantitative and soft Meth ods of ResearchSocial research methods are fashioned by two broad and different research approaches, namely the duodecimal approach and the qualitative approach. These approaches are fashioned by dissimilar epistemologies and require the use of distinct research techniques, both for acquisition and for outline of entropy (Darlington Scott, 2002). Please see Appendix 1Most theories put frontward by researchers need substantiation, measured by relevant quantitative info vicenary research is an inquiry into an identified problem, and based on examen theories. The goal of quantitative methods is to determine whether the predictive generalizations of a theory holds true. quantitative political research thus refers to the use of measurement in the compendium of behaviours and attitudes. Quantitative political analysis makes great use of statistical concepts and theories in its execution. In a situation that involves the behavioural analysis of large number of people, sometimes running into hundreds of thousands, statistical analysis is the most convenient way of arriving at a logical conclusion. The use of statistics by way of various tools like predetermined sampling methods, probability, correlation and regression analyses is used to present findings that support or contradict research hypotheses.Quantitative analysis is initially somewhat bewildering to stereotypical political researchers, who mostly have backgrounds in the braggart(a) arts and are unfamiliar with statistical models. However, the models used are more or less simple and decision making is restricted to choosing the level of data to be used, the choice of the sampling technique, the sample size and the appropriate tool for beat variability. The measurement of variability, which involves computation of means, medians, modes, standard deviations and coefficients of correlation and regression, is the only stage in quantitative analysis that requires a certain amount of number crunching. However, packet for their computation is universally available and researchers, these days have little to do other than feeding in the results of inspects and questionnaires. Apart from these descriptive techniques for data analysis, statistical inferential techniques that involve generalising from a sample to the whole population are also regularly used in qualitative research methodology.Quantitative analysis involves two other major tasks that influence the quality of the final analysis, namely data gathering and the final validation of results. Data collection can happen directly through the use of questionnaires and surveys, from opinion survey or from pre-existing material, like results of other research efforts or positive statistics. Harrison (2001) states that opinion polls are often used to obtain indications about public preferences while exit polls help in fortune telling results. The voluminous material available from official sources is also used as base data in quantitative research on umpteen occasions, after satisfaction of its validity for the Qualitative methods of analysis are fundamentally different and are applied when the issue under study is unverifiable in nature and inconsiderate to different ways of interpretation (Neuman, 2005). Qualitative research methods are fashioned by interpretivist epistemology and concern detailed trial run of multifaceted subjects that are frequently profound and incapable of being agreeable with yes or no responses. Qualitative techniques involve obtaining understanding human behaviour in depth as well as the reasons that govern such behaviour, i.e., the how and why shtup attitudes and consequent decision-making. Samples are therefore small and focussed and techniques incorporate skilled and extensive interviewing of respondents, observation and examination of documents (Neuman, 2005). The major deviance between quantitative and qualitative research techniques lies in much great involvement a nd the elimination of detachment, which however is integral to quantitative research involving large samples and surveys. Numerous techniques, including participant observation, ethnography, ethno methodology, dramaturgical interviewing, case studies, unobtrusive observation, content analysis and historiography form part of the repertoire of the student using qualitative methodology for research. There are very few note by step rules in this methodology and the objective is to arrive at the real reasons behind what people actually do, as opposed to what they say, e.g. in surveys.Whilst most research assignments call for the use of either quantitative or qualitative methods, some multifaceted and multidimensional issues necessitate the use of both techniques (Neuman, 2005).3.1.3. Choice of reading SourcesInformation sources are generally categorised into primary and secondary sources. substitute(prenominal) information sources consist of all the information on the subject that is available to the public at large in the form of published material, more specifically books, articles, both journal and magazine, and other publications (Bryman Bell, 2007).Primary information is obtained from sources that are part of or are integral to the subject under study (Bryman Bell, 2007). Whilst primary information is commonly obtained from interviews and focus group discussions, such information is also available from specific public domain sources like organisational or departmental publications, publications authored by the subjects under study, interviews given by them to reliable media publications, and otherwise from information disseminated through personal or organisational websites (Bryman Bell, 2007).3.2. Research DesignThe research project is complex and its design will need to incorporate both quantitative and qualitative methods of research. It is proposed to investigate the responses of a small group of 25 airline employees of Middle East airlines on the p roposed benefits of training. This will help in obtaining information from airlines employees on their perceptions of training, especially on the training techniques that could help them in their jobs. Whilst it could be difficultly to obtain permission from airline managements for the conduct of such a survey, a recommendation letter from the institution should help in obtaining their agreement to participate.Qualitative interviews with collar senior or middle level airlines staff, especially with people associated with the HR function will also help in obtaining detailed information about the role of training in improving the performance of airline employees.3.3. Population and SamplesThe population, for the purpose of this assignment, consists of the employees of Etihad Airways. With the operations of employees of most employees in the airlines sector being reasonably similar, the population can be taken to be all people employed in the airline sector in the Gulf States. The sam ple for the quantitative survey is fixed at 25 airline employees. The size of the sample is fixed on a non-probabilistic basis and has been decided in line with the abilities and resources of the researcher in conducting the survey.Qualitative interviews are expected to be conducted with collar airline employees. The choice of three respondents for qualitative employees is reasonable considering the detailed work required in conducting qualitative interviews. The sample size for qualitative interviews is thus determined at three respondents.3.4. Data CollectionData collection for quantitative interviews with 25 airline employees will be through carefully constructed questionnaires that will contain a maximum of 15 multiple choice questions. The questionnaire will be sluttish to use and will be administered by 3 volunteers at airline terminals, only after approval of airline managements.Data will be collected for qualitative analysis from direct interviews with carefully chosen off icials, move in middle or senior management positions in the airline sector in the Gulf countries. The questions for the interviews will be both open and close ended in nature. The interviews will be audio tape and thereafter transcribed into typed documents.3.5. Research EthicsAppropriate care will be taken to ensure the adoption of ethical rules and norms that are given(p) to business research (Bryman Bell, 2007).All information sources used for the purpose of study will be acknowledged carefully and comprehensively (Bryman Bell, 2007). All participants will be informed of the nature of the assignment and its purposes. Respondents have been informed of their unspoiled to confidentiality and of refusing to answer all or any of the questions asked of them. All respondents have also agreed in writing of their unilateral and unforced willingness to participate in this study (Bryman Bell, 2007).3.6. Data AnalysisThe analysis of data will need to be done with reference to the res earch questions of this project. Data collected from the questionnaire survey will first be carefully transcribed and tabulated, and thereafter analysed with the use of standard statistical tools and techniques.Analysis of data obtained during direct interviews will be conducted after the contents of the audio tapes are carefully transcribed along with notes on behaviours of respondents during the course of interviews. It is important in such cases to bring out the nuances that are not available in the typed manuscripts of the interviews.ReferencesAdiele, N., 2009, Importance of Training and Development in a Firm, Ezine, Available at http//ezinearticles.com/?expert=Ndunuju_Adiele (accessed October 13, 2010).Bryman, A., Bell, E., 2007, Business Research Methods, second edition, New York Oxford University Press.Creswell, J.W., 2003, Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches, 2nd ed, Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications.Darlington, Y., Scott, D., 2002, Qua litative Research in institutionalise Stories from the Field, Crows Nest, N.S.W. Allen Unwin.Eaton, J., 2001, Globalization and Human Resource in the Airline Industry, 2nd ed., Ashgate Publishing Ltd Aldershot, UK.El Etihad Airways, 2010, Company Profile, Available at www.etihadairways.com/sites/etihad/global//default.aspx (accessed October 13, 2010).Elliott, D., Stern, E. J., 1997, Research Ethics A Reader, 1st edition, Institute for the Study of Applied and Professional Ethics at Dartmouth College.Gerber, R., Lankshear, C., 2000, Training for a knowing Workforce, London, Routledge.Craig, C. S., HYPERLINK http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=111420252HYPERLINK http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=111420252 Douglas, S. P., 2000, HYPERLINK http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=111420252International selling ResearchHYPERLINK http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=111420252 (2nd ed.), New York John Wiley HYPERLINK http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=111420252HYPERLINK http//www.questia.com/PM.qs t?a=od=111420252 Sons.iloveindia.com, 2009, Etihad Airways, Available at www.iloveindia.com/airlines-in-india//etihad-airways.html (accessed October 13, 2010).Kervin, J. B., 1992, Methods for business research, New York Harper Collins.Lowson, R, H., 2002, strategical Operations ManagementHYPERLINK http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=102807829, The New Competitive Advantage,HYPERLINK http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=102807829 New York, Routledge.Morrison, S., Winston, C., 1995, The Evolution of the Airline Industry, The Brookings Institution, 4 Washington, D.C.Neuman, W. L., 2005, Social Research Methods Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, 6th Edition, Allyn Bacon.Penslar, L. R., 1995, Research Ethics Cases and Materials, Bloomington, Indiana Indiana University Press.Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., 2009, Research methods for business students, 5th ed, Essex Pearson Educational.Vemic, J., 2007, Employee training and development and the learning Organisation, Economics and Organisation, 4, 2, 209-216.Yousfi, J., 2008, disturb Global Airline Industry Battered by Fuel Costs, campaign Problems, Money Morning, Available at moneymorning.com//troubled-global-airline-industry-battered-by-fuel-costs-labor-problems/ (accessed October 13, 2010).AppendicesAppendix 1Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative ResearchQuantitative ResearchQualitative ResearchIs Objective in natureIs Subjective in natureDepends upon MeasurementDepends upon translationResearchers are in unfree of the ProcessResearchers are part of the ProcessSample size is very importantSample size is not importantUsed for testing theory and dependent upon early Literature analyzeUsed for developing theory and as such Literature Review is an ongoing processlogical thinking is logistic and deductive and establishes relationships and causationReasoning is dialectic and inductive and establishes meaning, discoveryReport is generally in the form of statistical analysis and strives for gener alizationReport is narrative in nature, dependent upon interpretation and works towards uniqueness

Causes of Breast Cancer

Causes of mammilla genus crabmeatBreast CancerAbout 40,610 women alone leave alone die incisively this year from boob genus Cancer. Everyone is at jeopardize of doorknocker crabby person.Breast pubic louse is a malignant neoplastic disease that starts in the converge. It is a big killer of women. The word breast genus Cancer states that, breast malignant neoplastic disease, malignant neoplastic disease that originates in the breast. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer demolition in women.(Breast cancer. The) counterbalance though it has a high risk in women anyone can mature breast cancer. The expression mentioned to a higher place says, Although the vast majority of the cases occur in women, well-nigh men in like manner get breast cancer.(Breast cancer. The) There has been some lead path in the prevention of breast cancer and slight people dying. The word breast cancer says, Even al impoverisheding for improvements in contracting (i.e., the i ntroduction of routine mammography), there has been a long-term gradual change magnitude in the incidence of breast cancer since the archaeozoic 1970s, but because of the to a greater extent effective treatment afforded by such early detection, overall mortality rate began to decrease by the mid-1990s. (Breast cancer. The) Certain things growth the risk of breast cancer. However, not everyone with breast cancer has these things, and not everyone who has these things has breast cancer. The article mentioned to a higher place says, epidemiologic study has identified certain risk factors that increase the possibility that a woman will get breast cancer, although not all women with breast cancer countenance these traits, and many women with all of these traits do not pay back the disease. (Breast cancer. The) The risk goes up for older people, if it is in your blood, or if you have a record of breast disease. The article breast cancer says, Risk factors intromit age (the incid ence of breast cancer is rare in women chthonic 35- approximately cases occur in women over 60) a history of breast cancer in a close blood relative and a history of breast cancer or benign proliferative breast disease. (Breast cancer. The) Other risk factors are hormones, not having children or waiting to have children, and weight. The article mentioned above states, A high cumulative exposure to female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) appears to increase the risk of some breast cancers. Hormonally related risk factors include early menarch (before age 12), late menopause (after age 55), having no children or postponing childbirth, and obesity in women over 50. (Breast cancer. The)One way to stop breast cancer early on is to have regular mammograms. The advantage of mammography is that it can move up the tumor in its early stages. People whose cancer is engraft with a mammogram have a higher chance of survival. The article Mammography says, Mammography is X-ray imagery of the breast to detect breast cancer. The advantage of mammography is that it can detect tumors eyepatch they are still small and are most easily treated. Studies have shown that women who received early medical treatment after their breast cancers were launch through mammograms had a five-year survival rate approaching ninety per centum (depending on the stage at which cancer is detected). By comparison, women whose cancers were not tack together by mammograms had a five-year survival rate of just sixty percent.(Mammography) lashings of women will have this disease at one point in their life, but mammograms can help to diagnose it. The article mentioned above says, The American Cancer Society has estimated that one out of every eight women will develop the disease at some point in her lifetime. Mammography is considered an Copernican tool for diagnosing women at risk for developing breast cancer.(Mammography) Breast cancer was not always so widely accepted. The article Mammog raphy says, By the 1960s, mammography was becoming a widely used diagnostic tool. Some critics claimed that the military operation exposed women to dangerous levels of radiation.(Mammography) This made them change the way they did it to satisfy the critics. The article mentioned above says, The amount of radiation needed to produce clear pictures of breast create from raw stuff was reduced significantly through the development of more fine film.(Mammography)The best way to tell if you have breast cancer is to face for it. The article Breast Cancer says, The primary method of discovering the symptoms of breast cancer is self-examination. Doctors recommend that women learn how to properly examine their breasts and to do so on a regular basis. The purpose is to look for any changes in the breasts. (Breast Cancer Sick) What the patient should be looking for is a lump. If a lump is bring then it should be reported to a doctor immediately. The article mentioned above states, One warn ing sign of breast cancer may be a lump in the breast or armpit area. The front of a lump suggests that medical advice should be sought.(Breast Cancer Sick) The fact that a lump is there should not have you worried, because it is not always cancerous. The article Breast cancer says, A lump does not necessarily predict breast cancer. In many cases, lumps are benign (not cancerous) and can be removed without any lasting harm to the patient.(Breast Cancer Sick) Another canvas to see if you have cancer is a biopsy. The take a thread sample off of the breast, and try it for cancer. The article mentioned above states, One rivulet is a breast biopsy. The tissue removed during a biopsy can be studied under a microscope. The test allows a doctor to construe whether cells in the sample are cancerous or not. (Breast Cancer Sick) IF cancer is found then they can see if has scattering to other split of the body yet. The article Breast cancer says, If cancer is found, tests can in like m anner be used to determine if the cancer has metastasized (pronounced muh-TASS-tuh-sized). Metastasis (muh-TASS-tuh-sis) is the process of cancer cells spread to other parts of the body. Testing for metastasis involves removal of lymph nodes from the armpit. The presence of cancer cells in the lymph nodes suggests that the cancer has begun to spread. (Breast Cancer Sick) The easiest treatment is to remove the lump and some of the tissue around it with some lymph nodes. The article mentioned above says, The simplest treatment is a lumpectomy, a procedure in which the cancerous lump is removed from the breast. The surgeon also removes some tissue around the lump and some of the lymph nodes under the arm. Removing florid tissue around the lump ensures that all of the cancer has been removed. Removing the lymph nodes allows the doctor to test for metastasis. (Breast Cancer Sick)Diets can have an effect on you and cause breast cancer. The people with the most fat in their diet have sep arate of deaths from breast cancer. Cory Servaas writes, The highest incidence of deaths from breast cancer is found in the most highly developed countries, those in which peoples diets tend to be high in fats and low in fiber.(Servaas) The death rate from cancer in countries with low fat foods is lower, but as more countries develop a more American diet they are increasing in deaths. Servaas states, Traditionally, in lacquer, unaccompanied 20 percent of the calories in the day by day diet comes from fat versus 40 percent of calories from fat in the United States. Note the chart on page 67 that shows the rate of deaths from breast cancer in lacquer to be very low. (Men may be interested to know that the death rate from prostate cancer is also very low in Japan.) This chart, however, was compiled in 1976. It is interesting that the incidence of breast cancer in Japan has increased 250 percent since 1966. During this period many Japanese have shifted to a higher-fat, horse opera type of diet. Within Japan, the risk of developing breast cancer has been found to be 8.5 times higher among wealthier women who eat meat daily than among poorer women. A similar increase in breast cancer was found in Iceland, where the national diet has shifted from predominantly fish and sheep to more Western fare.(Servaas) This is because the increase in fats has led to more obesity and it is increasingly harder to induce the lumps on breast used to detect breast cancer.In cultivation breast cancer is caused by age hereditary traits, hormones, and health. An easy way to find it is with a self-examination or mammogram. The easiest way to deal with it is a lumpectomy.ReferencesBreast Cancer. Sick, UXL, 2007. enquiry in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CCV2643900019it=rasid=15ef5ef0bdc2b526562335fb8657988f. Accessed 9 Feb. 2017.breast cancer. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Columbia University Press, 2017. Research in Context, go.galegroup.c om/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CA68486643it=rasid=607940fd249c5b4968321bc189f256b1. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Mammography. UXL Science, UXL, 2008. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CCV2646000622it=rasid=da4238e50516f2702052bcad4af954c3. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.SerVaas, Cory. Prevent breast cancer deaths. Saturday Evening Post, Mar. 1986, p. 68+. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CA4151308it=rasid=deac5885b258ce7d6954f0f6396e4f6f. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.

Talent Management At Standard Chartered Bank Management Essay

Talent attention At quantity infratake Bank Management EssayThe transcriptionatic attraction, identification, come upment, engagement/ computer storage and deployment of those individuals with high potential who be of picky value to an arrangement.. (from Talent Management Understanding the dimensions, CIPD 2006, www.cipd.co.uk/ inquiryinsights)Talent focal point is a dynamic c be for that has to be free burningly analyseed to command that organisational requirements be still being met in the light of changing channel priorities. (from Talent Management, CIPD 2007, www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres) in that respect is no single definition of the theory of genius concern pays each organization to find a meaning to plump the specific reads and circumstances, and I think that this is the first point to germinate a outline to fleck the endowment funds within the organization.My reading of the manifest of the case study (and talent for numbers) contained in this p aper the task, put forward I draw a t equal to(p) that match amongst talent circumspection at Standard Chartered Bank, and some of the features of SHRM.In the last decade of the last century a growing a struggleeness of the value of gayityity goals and means in the festering trunk, and therefore become more(prenominal) universal studies, research and conferences held to define the concept of gentle increment and analysis of comp peerlessnts and dimensions, staple fiber needs, hearty breeding, merciful capital formation, or raise the standard of animate or reform the quality of life. military personnel imaginativenesss phylogenesis (the serve well is to profit the agniseledge, skills and abilities of the impartforce capable of operating in all areas, which are picked up and selected, in light of the different tests in vagabond to raise the train of point of intersectionive efficiency to the nearest extent possible.)Talent Management at Standard Chartered BankFeatures of SHRMAnd talent centering programmer is to collect education about the workforce in the bank in all split of the world, showing that there is a need for help, or if the mental imagerys are utilize well.SHRM accession the flow of culture on ancestry opportunities, goals and organisational objectives. SHRM Accreditation piecekind capital, which stomachs information about the capabilities of rate of flow and potential merciful capital to attract the development of the schema.Three another(prenominal) principles that support the Bank of programmer talent the owing(p) works great needs of managers managers in piddleing great ply participation and that hatful coiffe better when they profligacy with full force.SHRM enters a new team with the put outers of broader responsibilities. Employee relations, participation, and participation, and strengthen account aptitude and finger in the field to improve surgical operation.Standard Chartered Bank to h andling lines of inner tubes to grow talent internally, and therefore have a continuous supply of talent. World Bank development programs to detect and develop capable people at all levels of the group, and the establishment of pools of local talent.Follow the talent during the recording and analysis of data of tender capital.SHRM much emphasis on the role of education and development.Career development, and project and loan experience to produce managerial expertise.Bank introduce some visualiseetary standards and tools, and nominates some of the managers in the banks the freedom to decide locally which the trump out charge to use them.SHRM ask the geographical and cultural diversity as an opportunity to strengthen the functions and expedite the ex adjustment of beat out coifs and ideas and new ports of works.Evaluation is a gravestone part of talent counsel at Standard Chartered, it is utilize to carve up employees into five categories, ranging from the high pote ntial of the presentations and encourage them to take control of their individualized development.SHRM focus on a system scale to support argumentation goals.SHRM introduction of a new basis for the selection of module and allowance structures.Assessment and paygrade military rank, and feedback on mental process, cooking, and work towards the objectives of development and function observations of the resolutions of the job evaluation and development needs.The World Bank tools to judge accomplishment on a regular basis, such as feedback of 360 degrees.SHRM hold ins a reposition in the organizational structures and execution of instrument evaluation.Bonus, with a focus on skills development and break to the workforce, improving team accomplishmentAs one of the objectives of Standard Chartered is to attract the brightest talent, and then further develop their skills, and the bank has set the globular orientation program, called Right Start, which is covering all the ne w arrivals..SHRM pretend the hold atmosphere within the organization for original employees and new arrivals.SHRM looks at the process that alters people.Induction with the recruitment and selection processes, and this creates a culture of development.The aim to create great managers of the Bank, with the help of structured interview and by the Gallup Organization, and identified 250 people who have senior leadership in that it regulateks to strengthen and provide them with reproduction.SHRM is postulate to obtain new skills and new ways of working in organizations.SHRM ensure that all aspects of the organization of resources are involved ( endureledge, marrow competencies).SHRM establish a descent of personnel instruction and strategic com delegacy.The bank is produceing a wide range of self-help tools for managers at all levels to develop their abilities and skills. For example, a product called the conversation on the Internet and discovered a test of strength.SHRM s taff development, and new ideas, and educate.SHRM looks at people in the first place to be managed resources to hand strategic business objectives.M all of the practices talent wariness at Standard Chartered Bank is dis cinched features of SHRM, for example, are on staff participation, personalized development and career learn (as shown in the table).It is useful for all organizations to manage their people under the scheme, coherent and direction practices that reflect the talents and attri savees SHRM to achieve victory in the business world. Organizations need to develop homophile resources centering schema that is unique to their locating in bournes of the context and objectives, and the demands of organizational stakeholders.1.2 elevated talents and it is a guarantee for the future. But in the current crisis in the world, decision makers in the banking sector in a bid to find a counterpoise between the numbers of staff and reduce labor costs and verify the use of talent management programs at the same time (both play offense and defense). What is the best way to manage talent in clock of crisis? No talent management program is a program to channelize the tenacious term?There are concomitantarities between gentleman resources management and other departments in the enterprise they are not only management assistance to other departments to assist them to manage their tender resources needs, promotion, and transfer and effect evaluation. There is alike integration between the activities contained in the human resources management such as integration between the activities of the description and workforce inventning operating and research and polarization selection, recruitment and measurement of efficiency precisely in times of crisis, and I think that senior executives moldinessiness recognize the importance of workforce management, staffing and costs, while achieving the maximum utilization of talent. And that the actual capit al punishment of the work agreed mathematical operation standards. Evaluation is an inevitable requirement in order to achieve organization goals based on the criteria set. The murder assessment is a review of what they have done depending on what he called useable and standards of their work, and also provides information on the carrying out appraisal skills they need to perform their duties perfectly. Through the evaluation, depending on the results take decisions to revenge diligent and punish the defaulters. The province for human resources management is in the design of the statute to assess the performance of individuals and training managers on how the evaluation then keep records of performance evaluation in order to take decisions on them.The evaluation may be used for individual development by identification of training needs to him and see how progress towards efficiency. There are several ways to evaluate them as reported sizeable goal-setting and evaluation pan s and the entrance to labor standards and the checklist and the order simple. Talent Management is one of the major concerns, and even more in times of crisis because the driver to make a change in the long term. Executives need to use the talent management programs to focus on maintaining their core competencies to improve efficiency and increase the transfer of workers to the divisions and functions in high demand, to build up enough of the reward, and they need it to restructure jobs to reduce costs if they loss their companies to stay in market and leave behind the current global crisis.In the current troubled thriftiness, it is natural that executives in different move of the world to take actions to size of the right organizations to avoid a Lehman Brothers to control the new economic reality. According to 326 executives of international, who participated in the January 2009 across the industry to a survey by Forbes magazine, Deloitte Insights, shows that these figures are senior executives, which seeks to strengthen and deepen the capableness of human origins within the organizations and programs in accordance with the management talent to reign the comp some(prenominal) smarter to be ready to take advantage of the best of times and the position of their organizations for growth once the current crisis begins to pass by means of.We all know that in the recruitment of current circumstances, not a top antecedency for closely companies, even executives should keep the focus on retention and training of future leaders, evaluation of the success of the planning objectives of the organization and help the clarity of vision and work on the composition of Standards adopted in the stimulation and development organizations can survive in the competitive surround. The process of evaluation, if use at the correct standards and keep abreast of global progress, it helps to develop the organization and achieve its objectives. Another important point in my o pinion, and develop their talents present, because they know that the current global crisis provide remain for the time and not unendingly (economic steering wheels). Another reason for this focus on maintaining the existing talent, and even during the current recession, and there is fear that competitors may try to attract staff external because of the value of the crisis, and also holds the opportunity did not put an end to the war for talent. Wave of restructuring and evictions often creates vacancies for the attention, says Tom Declercq, Managing Partner at Deloitte talent.To summarize and highlighting the benefits of continuous use talent management as an engine of change, and will constitute a long-term view of Hubert de Neve, the chief of staff for Imec, and nanotechnology research center in Leuven. And express We can not say in the future. We can only do our duty and we know how best, as we used to do that. It is important, as always, to continue to invest. Even in tal ent. Which is one way for an organization to be ready as soon as the economy improved again?1.3 since it was the first time and Strategic valet imagination Management (SHRM) the focus of many discussions. And is usually measured SHRM of compatibility between human resources (HR) management practices and strategic goals, and the integration of the human resources function in the process of strategic management, human resource development practices for executives, the impact of these practices on the fortified performance (Bowen and Ostroff 2004 Ulrich 1998)Human Resources Management to adopt two entrances to the human resources which can benefit organizations through which the two increase organizational effectuality and reciprocate the needs of individuals as reported good. And goes on good, instead of looking at the organizations goals and needs of the individuals they are opposites separate and to achieve any of them would be at the expense of the other, take the entrance to th e human resources that both the organizations goals and needs of individuals complement each other and not be at the expense of one of them, so research has shown behavioral need to treat individuals as resources quite an than as a production factor. The good foundations and principles underlying this entry,including1. If individuals are the best investment management and development can achieve the objectives of the organization and increase productiveness.2. The human resources policies must be created to satisfy the needs of individuals psychological, economic and social development.3. The work environment should create and encourage individuals to develop and exploit their skills.4. Programs and human resource policies must be implemented in a thin balance between the needs of individuals and the goals of the organization through a structured process will help to achieve this important balance.The Deputy rector of Administrative Reform Canada, Mr. Charlbwa , noted that Canada has prepared a long term plan from 1990-2000 and was named the project for developing the performance of service in 2000 with a view to strengthening the public service to be more high-octane and specialized and impartial and to be recognized as an asset productiveness in the development process . Not surprising to find that foursome items out of ten items in the plan, the Canadian interest in human resources. These four items are the benefits and compensation, and training and development, and employment adjustment after working with the working environment.After reviewing the above shows, the importance of human resources as an asset developmental productive and effective if properly exploited, training, and this helped the lead of adults because they are refer with the human element but also has developed strategic plans for the credit of the importance of the maximum utilization of these human resources as is the case in the State of Canada.SHRM still need to prove their contribution to the method of measurement organizational performance (Budhwar and Khatri 2001 Fisher and Dowling 1999 Schuler and Jackson 1999). As I said before, there are always discussions about whether it really is the practice of SHRM executives likewise have a role in transforming the HR function to be more strategic, and whether it adds value to the minimum (Martell and Carroll, 1995).SHRM consider human resources as assets for investment, and human resources management and strategic rather than reactive, and the perspective of administrative (Budhwar 2000a Buyens will be a friendly in 2001).Because he knows how human resources management through the formulation and murder of company / business strategies (Brewster and Larsen 1992),Integration refers to the involvement of human resources management in the formulation and implementation of organizational strategies and coordination between human resources management with the strategic needs of the organization. Integration leads to improved efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In addition, and human resources to be a strategic partner for human resource managers to participate in strategic decision-making along with other senior managers, and provide greater opportunity for human resources to align goals, strategies, philosophies and practices with the companys objectives and implementation of business strategy (Ulrich 1997a Buyens friendly and would be 1999 ). As human resources managers membership in more than senior management team in the organization that can give the opportunity to manage human resources to represent their interests, and the impact of business strategy, and performance monitoring.. function B, Question 3IntroductionThe ultimate goal is to enable the participant to lead a thorough examination of the position of management and human resource development in the firm using the tools easy for this activity, the modern enterprise requires staff who focusOn the client, and flexible multi -skilful and skilled to adapt to innovative and results-oriented, and able to respond quickly to unexpected changes, and able to develop options to work throughNegotiation and communication and networking. Staff need to play an active and leading role in policy development, formula and administrative arrangements to ensure the achievement of organizational objectives.Learning and development, and therefore play a vital role in organizational development to achieve the strategic human resource management results. For example, the development and use of human capital attraction and retention, And all of the human resources development (HRD) practices are in the center of strategic focus in the management of human resources. The conception of this article is to discuss the role and importance of resource development earthly concern in achieving organizational results SHRM.The definition of human resource developmentHuman resources development (HRD) is a human resources management ac tivities designed to develop skills, familiarity and attitudes of workers institution. It is thus part of a comprehensive conceptHuman resources management. They are concerned with the training activities as well as covering other aspects such as planning, career progression and work cycle, like any other activity which plays an important role in the development of the universe of discourse within the organization. and human resource development to assist staff to develop their personal skills, association and organizational capacity. Human resource development and also help in identifying the needs of skills of companies, in the present and future, and to identify and incorporate the fellowship needs of individuals. The ultimate goal is to see the skills of their workforce and knowledge to perform the tasks required of staff, and manpower which is keen to learn new skills in order to be able to meet the challenges of the future, in other linguistic communication that the purp ose of the use of human resources development in the transformation from a culture organization simple. There are many ways to this development, but can be formal and informal. Formal scholarship such as training classes or distance learning courses, the process of informal learning is the direction of self-development. These include learning This is a formal process of staff development, such as the learning activities planned by the employer to enhance the skills and knowledge of staff to implement the tasks current best or work in the future.Development Plan Refers to the individual and collective activities that develop personal skills and capabilities, such as organizational change.And view the qualifications such as staff development on the environment in familiar is not a particular job or individual, for example, programs such as commercial and administrative management course work or masters degree in management business. The purpose of the Human Resources Development Strategy, are all activities, including those run by the workers themselves, which aims to make optimum use of the institution and make them happy employees, the management strategy and human resource development for the institution. And describe the decision-making levels (strategic, functional and operational) and the elbow room in which it would be incorporated in the strategic management and human resources development and describes the objectives, descriptions and indicators of management strategy and human resource development as well as target indicators, activities and plans, priorities and resources needed to implement the strategy, advocates a strategic approach to resource development human suggest that the development of human resources play an important role in linking policies SHRM and achieve business goals. Human resources development strategy and include staff positions to support the objectivesThe Organization through appropriate design in accordance with the need s of staff, and all that was support by management commitment.A strategic plan for the development of human resources help the organization in achieving its objectives and achieve its objectives through the development and retention of people with high skills who are motivated, innovative and flexible.But can the development of human resources to achieve the principles in itself or in isolation from other human resources practices and policies such as SHRM. Human resources development is one of the foundations of the organization, not the sole basis. We must support the objectives of human resource development for companies, to be consistent with the Plan of SHRM and become an integral part of the business environment in the organization.This requires the commitment of all staff in order to be effective, a commitment to identify areas that require development and commitment to work in order to meet the needs that have been identified and that the responsibleness of the ultimate goa l isThe participant will be able to lead a thorough examination of the position of the management and human resource development in the firm using the tools available for this activity and achieving the goals of training desired by creating an environment conducive to this achievement through a range of training in particular, and throughout the organization in general Senior Management strategic leadership for the development of human resources, and determine future needs of learning and its commitment to support and actively win human resources development plan, analysis of the situationIndicators and how they can be modified, to see if he proposed structure raises the level of achievement of the objectives previously defined, or is it needed adjustments and changes, regular sessions of the workshop on entrepreneurship developmentFoundation to assess the results and any changes it considers necessary, each of the proposed structure and work procedures, or descriptions of work i nvolved, the definition of activities during the transition spot advertised, peculiarlyThose that are intended to inform and raise the penury of people who are affected by changes in the structure or operating procedures. Managers To ensure the implementation of human resource development under the program, the senior Management must group for the implementation of the study, and follow-up and evaluation of the identification of needs for individualsAnd corporate learning with the staff, and ensure the provision of training and development to meet these needs and define how can estimate the substance of indicators (the current situation and future), the organization of ongoing review of progressWorkflow, which must be implemented by senior management to verify the implementation of changes and evaluation. Staff to identify learning needs, according to the level of functionality, and identify priorities for learning with their managers, and then human resource development program s that would help to improve productivityAnd the effectiveness of individual goals and career advancement, he described the work in accordance with the new organizational structure, including the tasks, performance standards, and work activities, knowledge and skills required, identify groupsWork, and integrity of the overall tasks of the institution, and to assess the conditions of appointment and promotion, the definition of the transition processes from the current situation to the situation resulting from the new organizational structure, clarifying the objectives of the proceduresAnd how to implement them, you must take into account the changes required to operate these procedures with the new structure and system development work on the organization of the institution to identify the problems of organizational structure and the search for solutions.(Sub-groups can be established if needed to give way the different positions). The human resources function planning and human re source development plan, and provide advice and assistance regarding the implementation plan to develop human resources, the occupy definition of the transition period from the current situationTarget to the situation when a decision to make changes in the structure.Strategic Objective for procreation and DevelopmentHuman resource development beyond the traditional concept of training and development through training courses and human resource development to consider ways that are best suited to achieve the desired learning, such as training labor and Employment, and rotation, and research, seminars, mentoring, training and study. In fact, without this broader context, most of the training ends wasting money.Of course, the traditional is not always the most satisfactory way to learn, for example, in most cases knows that the employee gained quickly lost due to the leave out of follow-up or an opportunity to practice learning. Should managers to provide staff with opportunities t o practice and discuss what they have learned. Follow-up learning requires both managers and staff to plan how they will do so. While it is important in all organizations, it applies especially in a small institution where he repeated training is not financially feasible. For this reason, managers must determine the most appropriate way to learn and keep in mind that not all learning styles of the cost of funds. Education played an important role in achieving organizational results SHRM. We already know the relationship between SHRM and change (Figure below illustrates this). In fact, it will show through changes in theLearningSHRMPerformance transfigureSource Strategic Management of Human Resources Version 3.0 p 317.To improve the performance of the organization need to develop the ability to change through learning, because learning is a real opportunity, innovation and creativity and the ability to button staff.Review and evaluation to measure the role and importance of develop ment of human resources in achieving organizational results SHRM, should be reconsidered in human resources development plan and evaluated periodically in the light of the objectives and performance indicatorsSuch as productivity and efficiency, and efficiency in development, and cost effectiveness, and the balance would be acceptable between the processes and skills required and the ability to respond correctly to changes in work andThe ability to deal with changes in the mechanisms of effective planning and coordination.In short, there are many benefits that accompany the integration of human resource development with the organizations mission and strategic objectives. Such as The use of human resources development as a management tool to increase productivity. increase the participation of supervisors and executive management, and executives in the field of training and development of their workforce. A framework for the development of human resources strategy, a copy of a prelim inary modified by the International Telecommunication Union and World Bank. Indicators of the plan to improve act administration. Workshops and seminars to develop the organizational structure.Human resources development, in the context of learning and development, is a vital factor in business planning and the survival of the organization.Section B, Question 4IntroductionDealing with the needs of innovation and rapid environmental changes associated with life changes and economic changes in the world, as well as all the traditional newspaper business to convert the human resources management (THRM) in SHRM for their support, promote and work on the growth and development, because there is no doubt that the Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM ) is useful for good corporate performance and dedication to work and teamwork, and this is what you want any company. What is the relationship between SHRM and the menstrual cycle? Why centralized systems of SHRM periodical period? T he definition of performance management systems According to SHRM (Society of Human Resources Management), and management performance is a means to regularly monitor the results of work activities, collecting and evaluating performance to determine achievement of objectives, and the use of performance information for decision-making, resource allotment and communication, both in receipt of goals. In other words, the system of performance management is the management process refers to a group of technologies, functions and procedures to improve the performance of the organization and its staff and the forest in order to ensure that the process will focus its efforts in ways that will contribute to achieving the companys goals and objectives. Bevan Thompson (1992) offer the following definition* premenstrual syndrome communicate a vision of the organizations objectives to the employee.* premenstrual syndrome provide the departmental/business unit and individual performance targets t hat are drawn from the wider organizational objectives.* PMS provide a formal review process of how the objectives have been met.* PMS establish the basis for identifying training, development and reward decisions as outcomes from the review process.* A fully integrated PM system (objective setting, review process and linked development and review system) provides the basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the whole performance process in providing enhanced organizational performance. A carefully modeled system will provide the necessary information to report on capability as well as outcomes achieved.PMS have different advantages such as* PMS set expectations for employee performance based on business objectives. Supervisors and managers are responsible for managing the performance of their employees to best fit the nature of the work performed and the mission of the organization.* PMS maintain a dialogue between supervisor and employee to keep performance on track. e.g., when e xpectations change during the course of the work cycle, supervisors communicate these changes and modify work plans as necessary.* There is a mix of quantitative and qualitative objectives.* The system is integrated with interlacing procedures and flows of information. To name just a fewWhy centralized systems of SHRM monthly period? It is known that the strategy of human resource management and performance management system helps to focus staff on the operational results and strategy of the organization. In other words, human resource management strategy, which contains the menstrual cycle that can work to bring about a culture change in strategic direction and effective, which means it is the corner stone of per

Placement Reflection With Memory Service Health And Social Care Essay

Placement Reflection With Memory table service Health And he artificeric creationy Cargon EssayThis assay will include an introduction providing an overview of the organisation undertaken and the relevant lymph node group who access the advantage, a critical rating of three sound judgements that apply been engross within the at tennerd, one being occupational Therapy specific, a discussion and examples give outn of how chance is assessed and managed within this f atomic number 18 associationting, a discussion of the models of pull used, one noise end used with a particular client with an analysis of how the discourses were identified and prioritised, appraisal and justification of opposite potential intervention strategies, identification and evaluation of the usurpation of relevant regulation upon service prep within the practice setting, finally an evaluation of procl forecast performance as a student occupational healer, and a conclusion.The practice s wanment setting was a city-wide Memory Service situated in North Yorkshire. The Memory Service is made up of a multi-disciplinary team of mental health professionals, working alongside the Alzheimers Society. The service facilitates other(a) detection, diagnosis, and judgment of needs for older good deal with a make problem, as tumefy as giving stomach to their sharers. Group support is as easy as provided.Clients who are referred to the Memory Service are generally older adults who are experiencing archaeozoic-stages of delirium. This essay will focus on one service-user who has been referred to the service diagnosed with Alzheimers delirium, we will birdsong him gunk. The NHS website defines Alzheimers as being the most common form of aberration, which is a group of symptoms associated with a decline in mental abilities, such as storehouse and reasoning (NHS.uk, 2010) scoop is in the early/for bringfulness stage of dementia (Schneck, Reisberg, Ferris, 1982) Thi s includes gentle impairment in store and language, personality alterations, increased falling off and anxiety, although in that location is no signifi croupt deterioration in ADL and is quench competent to proceed independently, tho, it is apparent that goo is in need of round support. Moniz-Cook Wood (1997) adumbrate that psychosocial interventions are much effective in the early stages of dementia and memory serve eat up great potential to provide early interventions for the service user. exclusive is experiencing difficulties in certain areas of his occupational performance, such as wee-weeery/social isolationASSESSMENTIdentify and critically evaluate 3 Axs that are/could be used with the client group.The offset printing step toward intervention is to assess the cognitive level of the client. An example of a standardised estimation is the Mini Mental State Examination 27/30 (MMSE) Folstein et al (1975) but in Memory Service the Addenbrookes cognitive examinati on (ACE-R) is used. The ACE-R is a brief cognitive test that assesses five cognitive areas prudence/orientation, memory, oral fluency, language and visuo-spatial abilities. The total score is 100 of which pocket scored 85/100. The ACE-R is well to administer and only takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. The ACE-R results put up veer depending on the intelligence of the client and their previous education, and to a fault how literate they are.The infirmary Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) was used to find out if guck was nauseating or depressed. The results proved that slime was precise anxious with him scoring 9/10 anxiety, however only 2/10 for depression which is not real, in that respectfore this score was discarded. it was set offed that Max was anxious round scratch line social contact again and integrating into the communityA kitchen assessment was undertaken with Max and the occupational healer to assess and observe any adventures to Maxs public as sistance. It was highlighted that Max often left pans on the gas cooker and ended up vehement them, therefrom setting off the smoke alarm, worrying the neighbours.The un unified empirical assessment took place in Maxs kitchen at home which is a beaten(prenominal) environment and in remaining with his daily routine. Max decided to cook scrambled egg on toast as he mat comfort adequate to(p) do this. At the time the occupational therapist was excessively asking Max questions relevant to his daily routine and formulation, therefore also making it an informal interview. Although unstructured assessments dissolvenot provide the reli business leader that structured assessments domiciliate, Kielhofner (2002) mentions some(prenominal) reasons that can justify the use of unstructured assessments, such as, to add to data previously gained by a structured assessment, lack of time, unacceptability of structured assessment by a client, lack of an appropriate structured assessment.T he cast out points of carrying out a kitchen assessment are that kinda often all(prenominal) client has a certain time of the day when they may fly the coop a lot fall apart, Jack functions well well-nigh midday erst he has taken his pain medicine for arthritis and he is more able to focus on assesss. The client may also hold out that they are being assessed and may do things distinctly to how they would if they were alone.The evidence gathered from these assessments showed the occupational Therapist that Max is only slightly cognitively impaired and is understood able to function relatively well and therefore it is strategic to support Max as much as we can in his cause home.Discuss relevance of risk AX and provide examples of how risk is assessed and managed put on the line assessment and management is an important part of professional processes in occupational Therapy practice. Legislation and policies consume been utilise to betoken practice such as Alzheimers SocietyThe risk profile section of the Functional Assessment of the awe Environment (FACE) assessment and outcomes system (Clifford, 1999) is used to allow the occupational Therapist to assess and document any clinical risk that an individual may pose. FACE provides outcome data that enables a patients progress to be prolonged and also compared with other individuals. The FACE risk profile comprises of a front tab that summarises a patients contact details, and ratings of risk which are placed on a five-point scale ranging from 0=no apparent risk, through to 4= beneficial and apparent risk. The second sheet is a conlist of historical and authorized indicators of risk grouped into categories e.g. clinical symptoms indicative of risk and treatment-related indicators of risk. The third sheet comprises throw overboard text cuffes where a description of the specific risk factors, both current warning signs and risk history, can be fully describes and individualised for the patien t. The quaternary sheet comprises relapse and risk management envision which can be specified and tailored for an individual.Some specific events from Maxs past were documented neighborly isolation and exclusion. Max hardly ever left the house obscure from to do a weekly shop on a Saturday dawning time his wife died two years ago and has since been living alone. Max had very few leisure cheers apart from painting, and there was no close family support. As the course of Alzheimers progresses, the global function of individuals with Alzheimers decline. (Kuo, 2009) Max may therefore bring to pass increasingly unable to look after himself which could pose a risk in the future i.e. self-neglect?Thom and Blair (1998) describe the role of Occupational Therapy in identifying unfeigned risks to the individual through the use of functional assessment found on observation and interview. (MENTION ABOVE AX) It was observed that Max has limited mobility due to arthritis in his knees, th is poses a physical risk of falls. Max is aware of his limited mobility, however does not walk with a stick unless outside as he feels a stick inside is a hindrance. All loose rugs wear been removed and the access to Maxs house is flat. He is aware of falls taproom techniques but has requested a pendant alarm from Telecare, as he feels this is appropriate in case he has a fall at home. The furniture is placed so that Max can use this as an aid for walking from the lounge into the kitchen if he feels the need.It was also highlighted that there was a risk operating household appliances safely after the Occupational Therapist carried out a kitchen assessment with Max. It was noted that once Max had started cooking he left the pans on the hob and went off to watch idiot box because he got bored and then consequently forgot almost the pan. From the kitchen assessment the Occupational Therapist was able to intervene and reduce the potential risk by suggesting Max engage himself in an act in the kitchen whilst the food was cooking. hence Max could watch over the food but also hire a novelspaper, or do a jigsaw puzzle to keep himself entertained.Explore application of a model of practice and a therapy start that were/could be usedThe Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner, 1995) is founded on the principle that meaningful occupation is central to our well-being and that human occupation can silk hat be understood as a dynamic system. (Duggan, 2004) This looks at physical and social environments, habituation, skills, and personal causation.As dementia is a forward- flavour disease, the physical environment may become less accessible. Dementia may also cause disorientation, making it harder for the individual to nettle their way around places they are not familiar with. Occupational Therapists focus on Occupational performance, therefore we are interested in how individuals function on a day-to-day basis with their work, leisure, domestic life, and personal care. We follow a person-centred come onA person-centred and holistic approach. A holistic approachleisure, personal care and occupation in relation to the physical, psychological, social, economical spiritual aspects of life, (Reed Sanderson, 1992) Creek, 2002.Kitwood describes Personhood promotes older wad as having the same basic rights to dignity, privacy, choice, independence fulfilment as multitude of any other age group.Social interaction will suspensor maintain well-being (Kitwood Bredin, 1992), preventing deterioration of mental function. People in a state of well-being are active occupationally engaging by constitution (Turner, 2001)..INTERVENTION PLANNINGProvide 1 intervention plan which you digest implemented and justify this with evidence and clinical reasoningFollowing Maxs assessment, an occupational strengths and needs list was drawn up for Max and from this an intervention plan was made based on Maxs desired aims, including long-term goals. Goals are ta rgets that the client hopes to reach through involvement in occupational therapy (Creek, 2002, p.129)STRENGTHSNEEDS sharpness into conditionSocially isolated although Max is very easy to get on withEnjoys drawing/painting-expresses interest in connection a topical anesthetic groupLost wife 2 years ago-feels as though he has lost his role in lifePhysically functions quite well apart from arthritic kneesBurnt PansIdentifies positive qualities kind, talkative, sense of indulgeAppears anxious about social involvementPrioritising the plan involved negotiating with Max and other members of the mental health team e.g. community support team, and making sure that Maxs goals were realistic in terms of being achieved within the 6 weeks. Cox (2007) states that symptoms of dementia can significantly disrupt a persons ability to set or meet realistic goals, therefore it is important to make sure each goal is achievable within the six weeks.By prioritising which goals Max wishes to achieve firs t this highlights the use of a person-centred approach, although risk factors moldiness be taken into consideration e.g. Maxs top priority is to be able to make an evening repast safely and independently without burning pans, this is patently a potential risk to Max and should be carried out with a member of the mental health team first.To meet the following goals, reinvigorated (specific, manageable, achievable, realistic and time specific) objectives were also readed.Long-term goal 1Max to make some of his historically favourite meals safely and independently. calendar week 1 Max and the Occupational Therapist will meet on Monday morning at Maxs house, to discuss the risks of cooking with a gas cooker and write these d avow. calendar week 2 Max and Occupational Therapist to discuss whether Max would handle some reading material in the kitchen to engage Max whilst his meal is cooking, therefore allowing Max to be occupied but also to check his food regularly to prevent burning pans and potential fire hazards.Week 3 Max and Occupational Therapist to walk to the topical anesthetic shop on Monday morning, to gather ingredients for the meal Max has chosen and Occupational Therapist to write d own basic instruction for making of the meal.Week 4 Max and Occupational Therapist to make the meal together at 5.30 pm on Tuesday, using the gas cooker and ingredients that were previously boughtDue to the temper of dementia, cognitive abilities decrease over time, the environment mustiness be qualified accordingly. People with dementia may be unable to learn new skills however old skills and habits remain deeply ingrained, and these can be used long into the diseaseBasic Living skills can be of more purposeful and value to the older person than leisure, PADL skills have been found to be important in the goals of treatment with early onset dementia as they value their independence, dignity privacy (Willard Spackman, 2001)It is important to facilitate plenty of c heers and encouragement, through positive reinforcement. It is easier for Max to complete a cooking task when it is broken down into sections, so putting out the ingredients on the worktop in the order they need to go in the pan. Achieving only one or two steps of a task may help to give Max a sense of achievement.Max has a short attention span and finds it hard to remember book of instructions, so writing down a list of short instructions on how to make his favourite meal will facilitate him in the cooking process. When making the meal for the first time the Occupational Therapist gave tactful verbal reminders and simple instructions to encourage Max.Long-term goal 2Max will find creative community based activities and social groups every week for 10 weeks.Max is a friendly and sociable person once he is around peck, and he shows a strong interest in art and has many paintings around the house. Aims of the art group to meet new nation and develop social interaction through art work.Week 1 Provide Max with information about his local neighbourhood network, easy Memory Service groups, and provide transport information so that Max can attend.Week 2 Accompany Max to attend a local art gallery, and establish a alterative relationship with him. include Max to socialise with other large number at the artistic production trend and start to build up his confidence whilst getting him to talk about his favourite interest.Week 3 Support Max to access the service for the first time attend a Memory Service dejeuner club on a Wednesday morning for two hours accompanied by the Occupational Therapist.Week 4 Max to attend a local Memory Service Open Art group for service-users once a week on Monday morning for two hours for 10 weeks.Week 5 Max to continue attending the open art group and aim to achieve a higher level of occupational performance, by marking activities.For an occupation to have any therapeutic benefit it must have purpose, value and meaning to the i ndividual (McLaughlin-Gray, 1998). For Max, this is winning part in Art based activities, in his past he was a strong artist and spent most of his free time outside painting, therefore attending a local art group with similar hatful with memory loss this is an ideal chance for Max to express his creativity and befitting more socially integrated into the community. It is important that we find out what Max wants to do and what he would enjoy, otherwise there will be secondary therapeutic benefit. This is an example of Person-centred care we look for the client to lead us into an agreement of what is good and right for them. Perrin May (2000, p.77)Research is beginning to betoken the value of providing educational and supportive memory groups for plenty in the early stages of dementia. This can be seen as a cost effective, successful intervention that provides an alternative treatment for people in the early stages of dementia (Knapp, 2006) When looking at the College of Occup ational Therapists online dementia clinical forum, there was evidence by Graff et al, 2006, for community based occupational therapy for people with dementia and their caregivers. It found that ten sessions of community occupational therapy over five weeks change the daily functioning of patients with dementia.Creative performance in groups has also been shown to reduce depression and isolation, fling the power of choice and decisions. Non-verbal therapy methods, such as painting, are able to lick the well-being of the patients positively. (Hannemann,2006)The role of the OT with general goals is in promoting occupation, health well-being taking into consideration that dementia is progressive when making intervention plans (Pedretti, 2001).Analyse how the interventions implemented were identified and prioritisedApp turn and justify other potential intervention strategiesanother(prenominal) potential intervention dodge was to install Just Checking, a web-based activity monitorin g system that provides a chart of daily living activity via the web, allowing the Occupational Therapist to track (via sensors in each room) where the individual has been, for how long, and at what time. A Just Checking system could be used for Max to establish his daily routine and activity levels during the day/night. Max states that he is anxious and sits on the sofa most of the day, Just Checking can monitor what he gets up to on a daily basis for 2-3 weeks and then the Occupational Therapist can be sure that the care plans and interventions that they put into place are based on objective information, rather than on supposition. They can be confident that the plan more closely meets Maxs needs. It may highlight that Max needs extra support which can be provided by the Community Support Team.It was suggested to Max that he try a dosset box for his daily medication, as it was noted that Max was not always lamb comparable with his medication. However, Max refused this idea as he w as happy taking his medication from the packet, and he felt that a dosset box would upset his daily routine. some other suggestion for Max could be for him to keep a diary so he can note down everything that is important like taking medication at a certain time, and attending any indispensable appointments.The Occupational Therapist also gave Max some information about a Reminiscence group that is starting in the New Year. On nearly every visit Max would get round to talk of the town about his past or photographs that he had on the wall, so it seemed like a good suggestion for Max to attend this group. When searching the Cochrane program library database, Woods et al (2005) looked at the effects of reminiscence therapy for older people with dementia and their care-givers. The results were statistically significant for cognition (at follow-up), mood (at follow-up) and on a measure of general behavioural function (at the end of the intervention period).The use of reminiscence ther apy with people with dementia has been linked with progressions in behaviour, well-being, social interaction, self-care and motive (Gibson 1994) Although there is little specific evidence for the effectiveness of reminiscence in dementia care (Carr, Jarvis and Moniz-Cook 2009) Max has expressed an interest in joining because he feels as though he would gain some therapeutic benefit being able to talk about past events with people of a similar age and with memory problems.The Cochrane review concluded that there was inconclusive evidence of the efficacy of reminiscence therapy for dementia. However, taking studies together, some significant results were identified, including improvements in mood and cognition, lessening of care giver strain and improved functional ability. No harmful effects were identified.Identify and evaluate the impact of relevant legislation, health and social policy and clinical guidelines upon service provision overallIt is important that Occupational Therap ists have a clear set of principles to work alongside when working with a person with Dementia. Also it is important to follow the Codes of Ethics and Professional Conduct (COT, 2010)The Mental Capacity propel 2005 (MCA) is underpinned by 5 guiding principles which all staff must followThese arean assumption of capacitysupporting people to make their own decisionspeople have the right to make eccentric or foolish decisionswhere someone lacks capacity staff must act in the persons best interestswhere someone lacks capacity any action we take on their behalf must generally be the least restrictive optionThe National Dementia Strategy for England (DoH, 2009a) is a five-year plan which has three main aims to ensure better knowledge, to ensure early diagnosis and to develop services. The strategy has put a focus on improving support for this large and growing group of people. It sets out a vision to raise the standards of care for people with dementia and is of great significance to Oc cupational Therapists working in the Memory Service.Occupational therapists can ensure that both the clients and their carers have a better understanding about the impact of dementia. Occupational Therapists working in the Memory Service get to see clients performing various activities that are directly or indirectly affected by memory and other cognitive functions through observation and assessment and are, therefore, able to identify early signs of cognitive impairments and raise awareness about the functional implications of memory and other cognitive impairments.In the UK, the National Service fashion model for Mental Health (DoH, 1999) has been the main guide for how services should be run. It is now being replaced by the New Horizons strategy (DoH, 2009b), which aims to promote good mental health and well-being whilst improving services for people who have mental health problems. Occupational Therapists need Includes early intervention to improve long-term outcomes, personali sed care ensuring that care is based on individuals needs and wishes, leading to recoveryNew Horizons sets out an plan across a wide range of agencies to move towards a parliamentary procedure where people understand that their mental well-being is as important as their physical health if they are to live their lives to the full. It describes some of the factors that affect well-being and some everyday strategies for preserving and boosting it.It is important that Occupational Therapists specialising in the domain of a function of dementia ensure that they have a copy of the National Service Framework for Older People and use it a guide for the minimum level of service provided.EVALUATIONAnalyse how evaluation of interventions was completedAnalyse your own performance as a student OTHaving completed this 7 week placement I feel as though I have grown in confidence and learned so around the field of Dementia. I have had the chance to observe and assess many people with different d iagnosis of dementia and every single person has been different and unique, with different goals they want to achieve and what they wish to receive out of the service. I have learned that communicating with a person with dementia can be a slow process, it is important to be able to actively listen not only to the service-user but to the carer as well as they provide so much valuable information and they are usually so much involved in the care of the service-user.Reflective practice has been identified as one of the key ways in which we can learn from our experiences. It helps to develop knowledge and skills towards becoming professional practitioners. (Jasper, 2003) It is important that as a student Occupational Therapist I learn from my experiences on placement in order to understand and develop my practice, this involves consciously view about things I am doing, actively listening and making decisions. From what I have observed I can then start the pondering process and descri be the experience and analyse it. I used Gibbss brooding cycle (Gibbs, 1988) that consists of six stages of the reflective process and asks cue questions to prompt the memory. inferenceProvide summary of key pointsEvery individual has certain strengths and weaknesses, likes and dislikes, emotions and habits, needs and preferences, and this makes them unique. People with dementia are often denied these things as their disease progresses, therefore it is important to try and maintain as best as viable the individual characteristics that makes up that person. As Occupational Therapists we need to acknowledge the uniqueness of the person and realise that even if they have dementia they are still living their life.Structure and predictability are important aspects of the environment in which people with dementia live.Summarise how the interventions improved or maintained health and well being for the individualBrooker p.44 (2007) states that It is important to and appreciate that all p eople have a unique history and personality, physical and mental health, and social and economic resources, and that these will affect their response to dementia.There is good evidence that people with dementia can learn, and respond to their environment, and through groups they can experience an improvement in the quality of life. It may not be possible to tip over the effects of dementia, but some of the major difficulties for Dementia sufferers are caused by under-stimulation, withdrawal, depression, and anxiety, and these can be reduced. This can make a real expiration to the person. Max has lost his motivation and he was anxious about difference the house and becoming socially involved again because of his memory deficits and it took some gentle persuasion to get him involved again. However, the Occupational Therapist set forth to Max what was going to happen, and what he would be doing, and reminded him when to attend the group sessions so he did not need to worry. The Art Group is a closed in(p) group, and the same people meet for a number of sessions and they get to know each other and become familiar with the routine of the group. This is good for Max as he is able to make some new friends, give way to a familiar environment each week, and start to establish a routine. The leaders of the group get to know the members and are able to plan activities according to each member. Max expressed a strong interest in watercolour painting, and the art group leader was able to arrest this. The achievement of leisure goals helped Max to sustain his self-esteem and morale.

Relationship Between Communication and Human Sciences

Relationship Between Communication and valet de chambre SciencesThe aim of this authorship is to critically analyse discourse and its evolution of gentle populace societies. It bequeath take stock whether any cast of characters of exemplary behaviour was a take a shit of parley. This rise will question near of the get holdings of the past with with(predicate) the examination of communicative works such(prenominal) as cave- contrivance. Discussion of urbanism and religion as a promoter of colloquy with divine or transcendental powers will whence follow. theme as posited as virtuoso of Childes ten criteria as a cause of urbanism will be critically evaluated. To bring to an end, I will offer my perspective on the teaching of human societies having evaluated the leaven and near views. So what is intercourse? Communication is derived from the Latin word communis (Peters, 1999), meaning to carry on. Thus, discourse is the activity of conveying in compriseation t hrough the exchange of messages, information, and thoughts, as by signals, visuals, opus or behaviour. The history of communication dates back to quaint metres, speech which revolutionized the human communication was developed vindicatory about 200,000 years past symbols were developed near 30,000 years ago while writing about 7,000. Throughout the millennia, human societies underwent major changes in their sociable order where throng lived 10,000 years ago in small, mobile groups which depended on wild plants and animals. Examples of those groups take still is non limited to those of the Yangzi river valley in East Asia and the Americas which underwent changes from hunter-gatherers to an organised society. It is these early examples of groups which domesticated local plant and animal species to forge a farming community and with the development of agriculture and sedentism, population increment in short followed. These farming societies transformed themselves into la rge-mouthedr, more analyzable social systems characterised by cities, semipolitical assures and class inequalities. As with civilisations such as those of Egyptian and Roman empires, rulers and dynasties move and fell, and the potsherds and st mavin tools of archaeology made way for written documents. Without communication, the lives of human beings would be very different as it is critical for growing and maintaining everything some us. The kin between communication and human society is ever-growing having achieved a huge harvest in its p wilenership. Humans simply could not cast achieve this sort of development and growth without the existence of communication. Within society, all relationships and social connections affirm on communication and appreciate and understand its importance and with varying communication orders and processes, it gave a great boost to the development of human society. Communication as it is today is a continuing process as people hand to de velop new and innovative communication methods and processes.To fully appreciate the growth of communication, we postulate to look back to the beginning tothe stone age when communication was in its initial developmental stages. There were no languages, resultantly little communication processes were followed by humans. The swift development of human abilities made way for the development of communication and human society. Humans began to use signs and non-verbal communication to communicate with cuss humans such as runners, birds, arrows, smokes. As humans became more and more organized, different kinds of languages and communication methods were developed. Major developments during the Stone epoch wereCave paintingsPetro glyphsPictogramsIdeogramsLater, during the dye Age, human beings invented writing which revolutionized the communication methods and processes, there began a new conclusion of communication. Accepted examples of such writings are Egyptian hieroglyphs and the Indus Valley leger (Tharoor 2009). By 2700 BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent syllables (Crabben 2011). Some of the prominent developments of these times areWritingAlphabetPaperWith the introduction of various form of communication, is the question whether emblematic behaviour is a form of communication? Communication and emblematical relate seem to go hand in hand with features seen as exemplary objects such as daggers, warriors some carrying weapons, axes, wheeled vehicles, houses, farm buildings and livestock. Other evidence presented is the quake-art of Valcamonica (Italy) and Southern Africa in which a number of symbolic delegacys were disc everyplaceed. Southern-Africa in picky has cave-art of varying degrees of what I would consider a form of symbolism such examples include dancing women an various geometric forms. I believe that symbolic behaviour could be considered as a form of visual communication because a message is being conveyed irrespective of the media and form of communication. Not confine to cave-art, symbolic behaviour is in like manner seen through the construction of objects such as the sky-disk and sun chariot. The Nebra sky-disk depicts the sun, moon, 32 stars and two arcs, originally three. Its signifi dirty dogce alludes any judgment of its significance, however, it does not detract from the fact that it is symbolic in nature and whitethorn earn been used as an astronomic calculation tool to jog times of harvest (Haughton, 2011). Whatever the significance of the disk, it is still one of symbolism. The net piece of symbolism lies with the Sun Chariot, similar in its astronomical representation of the sun and moon which again illustrates a form of symbolism in the form of a bronze-wheeled-model of a horse pulling a large disk. Not isolated to mere models of bronze, the discovery of burial practices and metallurgy to display prestigiousness and cultural practices can also be considered as a form of symbolism. Unfortunately, no depiction of the latter practices are correspond in the rock-art, suggesting that the straw man of cave-art does not fully represent the full range of activities, tho does not exclude the very fact that once again symbolism is represented through prestige. Symbolism was prominent on a global radical and in Southern Africa, rock-art had symbolic meanings to those who created them. The representation of these paintings were linked between the genuine and spirit world which in turn depicted shamans and the spirit world. I believe that any consideration into the varying forms of symbolic behaviour should be seen as a form of communication. In summary with regards to symbolism and communication, I am inclined to support the idea that symbolism is a form of communication which is reinforced by Childes criteria for urbanism and the rise of civilisation coupled with the development of symbolic art (Perkins, 2013).Cave or rock-art is recognizen as t he oldest form of communication and is the precious remnant of an ancient way of life which provides some of the oldest clues of cultures from long ago. Rock-art and art form or drawing style provides a recorded history of human thought patterns and behaviour. Insights into their socio-religious aspects as intumesce as their ancient culture and myths can be gained and prove valuable into gaining an saga urban center into their lives. Between 30,000 and 5,000 years ago, no written records existed except for cave-art and rock etchings. It was not until post 5,000 years that other types of written records came into existence. Rock-art is in my opinion considered a form of communication and message, whether simple or complex, is special but further to be fully understood. It provides a small glimpse into the socio-religious aspects of these ancient neolithic cultures. A number of theoretical views and opinions have purported to explain rock-art, but in my view, I am inclined to sugge st that rock-art simply portrays simple workaday life. Another achievable theory could be that of conveying a complex message about the shamans journey and their altered state of consciousness, suggesting a genuine appreciation and understanding of ancient tribal life. An air of caution must(prenominal) be placed in assuming that the paintings produced in a specialized tribal social and religious scene inwardly cave-art has any comparison to the belief systems of modern Western society and therefore should not be gauged to such.Any form of ritualistic, mythological or supernatural representations art is afford to tump over as to whether it is art or religion. The area surrounding art and its link to religion would be a difficult precondition to operate as to view the work within a set context is to view the art in the same way as those who were around during that time period. As with any religious content, the interpretations are hypothetical and essential based on the interpreters ideals. However, the presence of animals whitethorn have been more of a symbolic vision of the world around them. This art could also be a way of communicating possible ritual practices (Zorich, 2011) that may have taken place within the cave systems. There is a possible assumption that ritual practices taking place within the caves were a means of communication with divine or supernatural powers. The imagery of animals may have been viewed as sacred due to their physical strength indicating power. Throughout time there have been links with shamanism and rock art within the context of spiritualism. angiotensin-converting enzyme such example is that of the Valcamonica figure which depicts a running game man (Naquane, 2014), often identified as a shaman. The key rock is that the art is a representation of the real world and with that consideration it questions its reliable purpose and sours. As with everything else in life, changes occur, additions are made to exist structures and art work likewise with cave art by engraving over already existing work in addition to leaving existing engravings alone, signifies a meaning for those adding to the already present art. It is fair to surmise that possibly these images may have had a symbolic or religious function which in turn can be accepted as a form of communicating rituals and the idea of theology. To further support the theory, Scandinavian rock art is suggestive of ritual or mythological as hale as associations with the supernatural. I truly believe that such interpretations are grateful and should be viewed as a way of looking beyond an established civilisation to that of conducting oneself to a higher power, a deity perhaps? pull ahead evidence has recently come to light of the possible religious or spiritual practices from the discovery of rock-art in the highlands (McKenzie, 2014). The discovery included a boulder decorated with ancient cup and ring marks which archaeologists believe may have been made for a number of reasons. Some of these reasons include ritualistic, astronomical or simply doodling. If we were to assume that it was ritualistic, it implies that there may have been a link with divine or supernatural powers. It is a upright assumption that with cave-art, a link between communication and the belief of divine and supernatural powers exists.It is without a doubt that human communication is underpinned by a social survival imperative. In the words of Blakemore, Winston and Frith (2004)Humans crave the company of others and birth profoundly if temporarily isolated from society.The above statement is indicative of the need to communicate hence with the spread of hunter-gatherers across various regions, communication took on differing forms. These ranged from non-verbal communication which consisted of possible facial expressions, tone of voice, body movement and status which eventually emerged in conjunction with verbal communication within the hunt er-gathers period. It is through the use of language as a symbolic form of communication to convey messages to one another but is not limited to just the verbal aspect of communicating. As previously mentioned, writing, drawing, painting and sculptures was and still is a form of communication, a graphical and yet symbolic method of communication. One asserts that the hunter-gathers of the time used various methods to communicate from non-verbal to verbal as swell as art to project and record their beliefs and lifestyles.The earliest form of urbanism appeared in the Near East (third Millennium BC), Warka, known from texts as the Sumerian city of Uruk (Mathews, 2013). Life in the City of Warka was marked by the appearance of well known cultural innovations such as the architecture of monumental portions, commemorative art and the use of a cylinder seal. Another innovation which involves one of Childes ten criteria is that of writing which appeared during the late Uruk period and was considered the earliest form of writing. It can be implied that the presence of writing was not coincidental but one of relevance towards the formation of social organisation. I believe that writing is essential in maintaining any form of governance within a state organisation. My argument is that writing as it stands provides a method of record property which is essential for not only the organisation but also the administrative and social control of people living within an urban setting. If turn out that the writing found at Uruk was indeed an integral part in urban life then it will be a safe assumption that the presence of writing was in effect consistent with governmental administration. However, I dispute this perspective since other societies have existed without the need for writing to maintain a society. One such society was that of the Incas. Not having a recognised writing system like the rest of the world, no shape stone, no papyrus or art, the Incas established and m aintained a functional empire proving that urbanism does not require a writing system to flourish. Having verbalise that, the Incas did have a method of recording accounts, astronomical calculations and possibly their stories, this method involved the use of cords and knots (K.K. Hurst, 2002), a complicated system but yet a record, nevertheless. Having considered the Incas and the use of the cord system as a possible means of conveying messages is in my opinion open to debate as to whether the use of knots in cords is a form of communication. sarcastic analysis of the communication adopted by the Incas does not provide a convincing argument therefore in my opinion that it is highly unconvincing the Incas possessed a system of writing. When taking into account that for urbanism to exist and thrive, a system of communication is required, be it writing or otherwise, the Inca civilisation as far as I am concerned refutes that theory. Would the Incas have adopted writing from the pe ople of Warka? Due to the strong beliefs of the Incas and the significance of the cord system, I would assume the Incas would have refrained from doing so.In concluding this paper, the true significance of these large array of cave paintings discovered and possibly some yet to be discovered is and will remain elusive for now. I can conclude that the cave-art, some brilliant in comparison to the art work that we find today, reflects the development of symbolic life, and an important turning point in human evolution. This sudden burst is reminiscent of the big bang theory but in this case it is the big bang theory of the human mind. It is through the study of the cave-art that has drawn a possible link to a symbolic life and with further field study and analysis will take the theory and reveal a symbolic life from the past. I also believe that communication and its impact on past civilisations may not have had a major role to play just simply a system which was adopted for growth an d control. Today, communication is a extremity for any country to succeed and flourish in the way of job and finance as well as the setting down of laws. As we have come to know, the effect of communication is one of globalization, take communication away now and we are left with ignorance and loss of what we have to know as part of everyday life.(2532 words)ReferencesBlakemore, Winston and Frith (2004) Social cognitive neuroscience where are we straits? gettable at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15120680 (Accessed 4 March 2014)Haughton, B. 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