Abortion should be illegal in the U.S Term Paper

Abortion should be illegal in the U.S - Term Paper ExampleThis simplistic belief is accepted by some(prenominal) women but it is a flawed argument particularly when the comp ard to the realities of abortion. Research has shown that the majority of women atomic number 18 coerced into committing this heinous act, the killing of a living human being, and that the legalizing of abortion makes them a safe procedure as many are led to believe is very misleading. Pro-abortion proponents usually say that non-living weave have no rights and that the fetus is non able to feels cark. This paper exposes these falsehoods and others that have been commonly thought are facts. It also speaks to the Constitutions intent for the legal and ethical direction of Ameri house society. Women that are experiencing an unwanted pregnancy have little license of choice, especially now that abortion is legal. Under most circumstances women want to have their baby. Other all important(predicate) influence s in her life such as friends, parents and especially husbands and boyfriends are usually the ones who put pressure on her to end the pregnancy. In many cases its the abortion, non the baby that is unwanted by the woman. More lots than not, its the father of the child who is not wanting to accept responsibility who coerces the women into having an abortion. They may even scupper a woman until she consents to the procedure. 45 percentage of men interviewed at abortion clinics recalled urging abortion, including 37 percent of married men. Men justified (this) being the primary decision maker, regarding the abortion. (Shostak, McLouth, 1984). This study as well as other research has clearly shown that most women choose abortion against their own principles. A myth advocated as fact is that the fetus is nothing much than a collection of cells, a small piece of tissue unable to experience pain. A growing embryo has a distinctive set of fingerprints and a odd genetic pattern, differ ent from its mother. It is a person. If society defines death as the substance stopping and murder as the intentional stopping of the heart then abortion must also be considered murder. If the beating heart is legally defined as life, then nearly all abortions should be illegal because the heart is to the full formed before the third week in the womb. According to a British medical daybook when an eight-week-old fetus is stuck with a pin, its mouth automatically opens up in a crying position and it instinctively pulls his hand away indicating pain. By week five, eyes, legs, and hands begin to develop. By week six, brain waves are detectable, mouth and lips are present and fingernails are beginning to form. By the eighth week the baby can begin to hear. Every organ is in place, bones begin to replace cartilage, and fingerprints begin to form (National recompense to Life Foundation, n.d.). Pro Choice proponents claim that women should be allowed access to safe abortion procedures, which the government should not force women to resort to unsafe self-abortion procedures. They are working from a false premise again however. well 100 percent of women say they feel extreme pain during the abortion procedure even with local anesthetics. Despite the use of local anesthesia, a full 97 percent of women having abortions reported experiencing pain during the procedure, which more than a third described as intense,severe or very severe. Compared to other pains, researchers have rated the pain from abortion as more painful than a bone fracture, about the same as crabby person pain, though not as painful as an amputation. (Wells, 1991). Although the word abortion is not in the Constitution, the estates principal legal document remains the source for precedence for this and all other issues. The judiciary decided to rule based on the

Teaching in Content Area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teaching in Content Area - judge ExampleIt is thought however that with the use of applicable techniques and appropriate tools suited for a middle rail day student, teaching history to a student could be interesting.A student who is in middle school has considerably short attention span and is not used to rigorous academic lectures. Coming from master(a) school, their minds are still with the basics and are not yet that familiar with abstract learning such(prenominal) as history.In addition to this consideration, it has to be factored in also that students today are more attuned to multi-media instructional materials where they can interact with the intermediate compared to the traditional lectures where they sit and lesson and read history. Such, traditional come up may be boring to a middle school student of this generation.Considering this, instructional videos will be used quite of lengthy lectures to keep the students interest. Computers can also an excellent method of le arning where the students can interact with the medium in the process of learning. Role playing can also be an excellent method of making history interesting to students. Also, discussion is encouraged more than lectures.integrated social studies learning is an interdisciplinary burn down where two or more disciplines are taught in conscious relation to one another (Jacobs, 1989 pg. 7) under(a) an interdisciplinary curriculum that espouses a knowledge view and curriculum approach that consciously applies methodology and phrase from more than one discipline to examine a central theme, issue, problem, topic, or experience (p. 8). Integrated approach to learning intends to facilitate more learning by combining the various disciplines to real life situations. This lawsuit of learning transcends to a more interconnected view of the universe where knowledge is seen as an abstract only to be accessed through inquiry of themes, issues, experiences, and problems (Mathison and Freeman, 1 997). This approach to

Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Security - Essay instanceIt is besides reflective of how fairness, crime and morality are perceived by members of the society. The security practices of removing concealments from the sidewalks to protect tribe who travelled the blueways from being attacked by robbers could not work alone. Other attempts to deal with crime at the topical anaesthetic level proved futile and so night watches and patrols which were established privately was the means of protection for citizens.Fischer et al (2008) indicate that under the feudal system the society was controlled by kings and feudal barons and so a high level of security was available for both individuals and conclaves. However, judicial reforms led to the separation of courts and the exercise of the rule of law from the power of the king. Every district was then made accountable for crimes committed within its boundaries and all strangers were necessary to report to the magistrates on entering a district. Attempts to control crim e and other vices were not successful and this also led to the establishment of private night watches and patrols.Steenkamp (2002) indicates that Armed robberies of merchants and other groups such as clergymen and nobles who often carried specie and other valuables became commonplace during the period. The safety of those who were affected could only be guaranteed by hiring private security.Six and Kowalski (n.d.) defines hazard as the possibility of the occurrence of a harmful or undesirable event. This consists of events including harm, injury or laugh at to individuals or groups of people. Risk management is a procedure aimed at protecting individuals or a group of people. Amanda DCosta (2011) introduced six steps in a happen management program. They areAs a first step risks need to be identified before they can be dealt with. at one time they are identified they should be registered so that all parties concerned will have an idea of the risk factors. In

Relative resource manager (HRM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Relative resource curbr (HRM) - Essay ExampleIn context of the new day businesses, mankind resources are likewise considered as bingle of the chief sources to reward a with troupe competitive benefits in the long run (Mathis & Jackson, 2011). It is in this context that preparation of broody summaries or pensive logs can prove to be beneficial in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of a learner and further obtain a structured planning to utilize the skills obtained. With a similar view, I would intend to develop a reflective log based on my learning in relation to HRM practices. I would initially construct a brief description of my learning through the module and further depict my expectations and goals to implement the learning obtained in my professional career through the discussion henceforth. Learning Obtained from Coursework Based on my learning in this module, I can state that the principles of HRM attempt to specify human resources of any(prenominal) organisation as its asset and therefore, helper the leaders in directing the workforce towards a determined goal on the basis of dual-lane values. It is in this context that various theorists have been arguing human resources to stage a fundamental social function in organisational success and thus, should be deal with efficiency in terms of its allocation. It is also regarded as one of the crucial managerial tools, which plays an effective role in implementing changes in relation to the policies of the company issues related with the livery of the product in an effective and productive way (Chandramohan, n.d.). As per my learning, for any organization to be successful, utilizing the skills of the human resource with cost effectiveness is quite significant. I have learnt that companies should be quite particular firearm recruiting human resources or manpower to contribute to the organisational success. HRM holds an important role in supervising the employees in any company. In this regard, I learnt that the doctrine of HRM encompass various range of activities including recruitments, appraisals, rewards and training facilities among others which are solely aimed at the suppuration of employee productivity and organizational sustainability on the whole. It is in this context that being an HR manager is sure as shooting not any easy task. Apart from monitoring each individual employees productivity and characteristics to manage them efficiently, HR managers also need to take into account various aspects such as the legal influences, employees requirements, their satisfaction, their development as well as similar other factors which tend to impose a direct seismic disturbance on employees performances and thus, cause an effect on the overall organizational competencies (Vijayaragavan & Singh, n.d. University of California, n.d.). It is very important for the companies now-a-days to develop its trading operations in a manner that will reward competitive advantages to it over the existing rivals companies. In this regard, HRM strategies play an imperative role by assisting with the systematic management of human resources in the company. Moreover, I have also learnt from my study that every individual as an employee always desire for equal compensation and benefits in harmony with their

Human Resources Management Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Management EssayOn Monday, 13 January 2014, adenosine deaminase wrote to Ben saying, Please sell me your vintage BNW car for $80,000. On Tuesday, 14 January 2014, Ben replied by leaving a message on adenosine deaminases voicemail, Sure, provided you pay by cash. Ben then changed his mind and he posted a earn to adenosine deaminase which read, I have reconsidered the matter. I am no longer able to sell you my BNW. This letter arrived on Thursday, 16 January 2014, before adenosine deaminase checked her voicemail.1) Advise Ada and Ben. There is no contract in the midst of Ada and Ben. This is because initially Ben leaves a message on Adas voicemail to accept the domiciliate. However, Ben changes his mind and posts the letter to Ada on the same day, but the letter arrived before Ada checked her voicemail. Although the voicemail was displace in the beginning than the letter, acceptance can only be made with actual communication and nonification to the assignor. Besides, according to the postal rule, the acceptance is deemed to be competed when the properly stamped and addressed letter of acceptance is posted, and not when it is delivered to the offerors address, or acquire by them, or brought to their notice, or read by them.1 This rule, laid down in Adam v. Lindsell in 1818. It explained that if the suspects were not bound by their offer when accepted by the plaintiffs till the answer was received, then the plaintiffs ought not to be bound till after they had received the notification that the defendants had received their answer and assented to it.2 In this guinea pig, the contract be only be made unless Ada checks her voicemail before the letter arrived. Therefore, Ada does not have all legal claim against Ben.2) What difference, if any, would it make ifa) Bens letter had never arrivedThere is no contract amidst Ada and Ben if Ada never checks her voicemail. This is because the postal rule does not apply to situations where the acc eptance of an offer is communicated by any instantaneous methods such as telex, telephone and fax. The rule with regard to acceptance by such methods is that the contract is complete only when the acceptance is received by the offeror.3 Therefore, the contract only takes effect when it is received and read by Ada.On the other hand, there is a binding contract among Ada and Ben if Ada has familiarity of the acceptance by Ben. The contract comes into existence as soon as Ada checks the voicemail. With acknowledgement to the case of Entores Ltd v. Miles Far East Corporation in 1955, the plaintiff in London sent a telex to the defendant in Amsterdam offering to buy goods from the defendant. The defendant sent a telex in return to the plaintiff accepting the offer. Therefore, a contract was made between the parties when the defendants acceptance was accepted by the plaintiff.4b) Because of a fault on Adas voicemail system, Bens message had not been recorded There is no contract betwe en Ben and Ada. This is because Bens message has not been recorded, so Ada does not receive and read the message. Since there cannot be acceptance of an offer without the knowledge of it, acceptance must be communicated to the offer, and mere inactivity or silence on the offeree does not occasion a contract as well. The rule laid down in Felthouse v. Bindley that mere inactivity or silence cannot amount to an acceptance is correct in 1862.The plaintiff offered to buy a horse from his nephew, John, who was dismission to sell it by auction. John intended to accept his uncles offer and advised the sell to timidity the horse for his uncle. However, the nephew did not send his acceptance to the plaintiff and finally the horse was sold by the auctioneer by mistake. However, since John had not communicated his acceptance to the plaintiff, there was no contract between them.5In the case of Ada and Ben, Ben also sends a letter to reject the Adas offerafter he has changed his mind. The re jection of an offer by the offeree kills the offer. The offer comes to an end. It can no longer be accepted by the offeree.6 Therefore, a contract cannot come into existence.c) On Sunday, 12 January, Ben had asked Ada if she wanted to buy his BNW? There is an invitation to treat if Ben has asked Ada to buy his BNW. It is not an offer because Ben just invites offer rather than making one. Where Ada accepts the terms of the invitation, she makes an offer but there is still no contract. Ben is still free to accept or reject the offer. With reference to the case of HKSAR v. Wan Hon Sik in 2001, the display of pirated video discs on the shelves of the shop was just an invitation to treat. A customer who selected the goods from shelves and took them to the cashers desk only made an offer. There was no sale at that point. The contract was not sinless until the owner of the shop accepted the offer.7 Therefore, an invitation to treat is different from an offer.In the case of Ada and Ben, s ince Ada makes an offer which can be accepted or rejected by Ben. No contract has been concluded between them because Ben rejects the offer by sending a letter that is arrived before Ada checks her voicemail.

Business Task 1 on individual report Essay Example for Free

stock Task 1 on indivi forked report probeDespite its future day sparing prospects, the unite Arab Emirates continues to suffer from somatic politics issues. The development of corporeal organisation in the realm has whoppingly been make ford by religion (Gellis et al., 2002). The rules governing the practice of collective governance retain been signifi masstly watchd by Islamic Sharia. This reflects the cultural and religious characteristic of the region (Islam and Hussain, 2003). Islamic Sharia specifies a second of hol modest values such as trust, integrity, honesty and justice which argon similar to the core values of incorporate governance codes in the West. However, a survey of corporate governance in a number of Gulf countries such as unite Arab Emirates suggests that the region continues to suffer from corporate governance weaknesses.2.0 Reasons for the expression including use of suitable differentiate and data The building of the above dev otedaments and formers for the structure and effects on the surgical procedure of self-coloreds has been vital subject of debate in the finance literature. existential manifest suggests that privately held tightens tend to be more efficient and more profitable than publicly held squiffys. This shows that self- leave behind structure matters. The question no(prenominal)e is how does it see firm implementation and why this kind of structure? This question is significant since it is ground on a research agenda that has been strongly promoted by La Porta et al. According to these studies, failure of the legislative theoretical account to provide sufficient protection for external investors, entrepreneurs and founding investors of a company tend result nourish man-sized positions in their firms because resulting in a saturated self-possession structure. This finding is interesting because it implies that possession structure can venture the operation of the firm in one track or the different. It is trusted the lack of regulations in corporate governance gives managers who intend to mishandle the flow of specie for their own ain interest a low stop level. The semiempirical results from the past studies of touchs of possession structure on consummation of corporate suck been inconclusive and mixed up. In response to corporate governance issues and their furbish up on corporate act, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) and Jensen (2000) drive suggested the need for improved corporate governance structures so as to enhance transpargonncy, right and responsibility. incorporate governance reform and the introduction of innovative methods to limit abuse of agent by take in management bring forth been justified by recent large scale accounting and corporate failures such as Enron, HealthSouth, Tyco world(prenominal), Adelphia, Global Crossing, WorldCom, Cendant and the recent global monetary crisis. According to Monks and Mino w (1996) numerous corporate failures suggest that real corporate governance structures ar not bating effectively. bodily failures and accounting scandals initially appear to a U.S phenomenon, resulting from excessive greed by investors, overheated paleness markets, and a winner-take-all mind-set of the U.S society. However, the give out decade has shown that irregularities in accounting, managerial greed, abuse of power, be global phenomenon that cannot be expressage to the U.S. Many non-U.S firms such as Parallax, Adecco, TV Azteca, Hollinger, Royal Dutch Shell, Vivendi, chinaware Aviation, Barings Bank, etc. score witnessed failures in corporate governance and early(a) forms of corporate mishaps. In addition to corporate governance failures, global standards have dec taskd significantly and unethical and questionable practices have become widely accepted. The net touch on has been a reduction in the amount of faith that investors and shareowners have in the efficien cy of capital markets. There is no universally accepted corporate governance fashion model that the interest of shareholders and investors are adequately protected as well as ensuring that enough shareholder richesiness is being created (Donaldson and Davis, 2001 Huse, 1995 Frentrop, 2003). Much of the debate on corporate governance has focused on understanding whether the placard of Directors has enough power to ensure that earn management is making the right decision. The traditional corporate governance framework often ignores the unique effect that the owners of the firm can have on the hop on and frankincense the firms top management. The traditional framework in that valuefore ignores that fact that the owners of the firm can influence the board and thus top management to act of make particular decisions. Corporate governance studies are in that locationfore yet to identify and deal with the complexities that are inherent in corporate governance processes. enth ronement choices and owner preferences are stirred among some other things by the extent their degree of risk aversion. Owners who have scotch coincidences with the firm will be interested in protecting their interests even if it is reasonably unmingled that such protection will result in poor action. According to Thomsen and Pedersen (1997) blasphemes that job a dual office as owners and lenders would discourage noble risk projects with great profit potential because such projects whitethorn hinder the firm from meeting its financial obligations if the project fails to realize its expected cash flows. The administration besides plays a dual role in that it serves as both an owner and a regulator. Therefore owners who play a dual role in the firm often face a trade-off in the midst of promoting the creation of shareholder value and meeting their other specific objectives (Hill and Jones, 1992). Existing corporate governance frameworks have often ignored these issues in UAE. Rather, much of the emphasis has been on the effectiveness of the board in ensuring that top management is working towards meeting the goals of shareholders. Present corporate governance frameworks lack the ability to supervise owners and their influence on top management. The framework lacks the ability to align the role played by firm owners, board of directors and managers interests and actions with the creation of shareholder value and welfare motivation of stakeholders.Discussion of the possible future structure of the sedulousness The joined Arabs Emirates, and mainly Abu Dhabi, is enduring to accession its deliverance by reducing the total proportion impact of hydrocarbons to Gross Domestic Product. This is currently being done by growing enthronement in vault of heaven areas analogous services in telecommunication, education, media, healthcare, tourism, aviation, metals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, transportation and trade. Signi ficant investments have been made by United Arab Emirates to render itself as a regional trade hub. United Arab Emirates is withal member of the World Trade institution (WTO). In addition, there are ongoing negotiations to establish free trade agreements with other regions and countries such as the EU. These factors will contribute collaterally to the regions integration into the global economy. United Arab Emirates is currently working towards diversifying their economies from the rock oil colour area into other sectors. This diversification is expected not only to increase trade among member countries but also to increase the regions trade with other countries and regions (Sturm et al., 2008).How the structure modifys dodge decisions will power structure has an impact on firm performance in United Arab Emirates energy production owned sector. This region has witnessed significant economic ontogeny over the last few decades. The region is also facing turbulent times with respect to corporate governance practices, resulting in poor firm performance. Corporate governance issues are not limited to the United Arabs Emirates as part of GCC Countries. From a global point of view, corporate governance has witnessed significant transformations over the last decade (Gomez and Korine, 2005). As a result, there has been an interest in the research upkeep accorded to corporate governance. The credibility of current corporate governance structures has come under scrutiny owing to recent corporate failures and low corporate performance across the world. The risk aversion of the firm can be directly impinge oned by the monomania structure in place. Agency problems occur as a result of inequality in interests amid principals (owners) and agents (managers) (Leech and Leahy, 1991). The board of directors is thereby conceiveed as an intermediary between managers and owners. The board of directors plays four definitive roles in the firm. These includ e monitoring, stewardship, monitoring and reporting. The board of directors monitors and controls the discretion of top management. The board of directors influences managerial discretion in two ways internal influences which are imposed by the board and external influences which relate to the role played by the market in monitoring and sanctioning managers. B Contribution of the sector to the economy of your chosen country Analysis of contribution of sector United Arab Emirates remain major global economic player because it has the highest oil reserves. UAE together with the other Gulf Cooperation Council accounts for over 40% of global oil reserves and remains important in supplying the global economy with oil in future. As a result, investment spending on oil exploration and development of new oil fields is on the rise. Global oil demand is currently on the rise. This growth is driven mainly by emerge market economies, as well as the oil producing UAE as part of GCC countries. In addition, Europe and the U.S are witnessing depletions in their oil reserves. This means that these regions will become increasingly dependent on the Gulf region which includes UAE for the supply of oil (Sturm et al., 2008). The importance of the United Arabs Emirates as a global economic player is therefore expected to increase dramatically in the near futureUse of appropriate data and other leaven By the year 2011, the GDP of United Arab Emirates totaled to 360.2 billion dollars. Subsequently in 2001, per annum growth of GNP varied from about 7.4% to 30.7%. As part of the chief crude oil suppliers, the United Arab Emirates was at first cut off from the universal recession by high prices on oil that rose to a record 147 US dollars per barrel in the month of July in 2008. Nevertheless, the nation was lastly influenced by the excavating worldwide recession which resulted to a decline in oil demand, reducing the oil prices to a rock-bottom amount no t exceeding a third of the peak of July 2008. In the last 2008 months, the shake rumbling through global economies were lastly experienced in this section.Oil (million barrels) turn up reserves, 2013 Total oil supply (thousand bbl/d), 2012 Total petroleum consumption, 2012 Reserves-to-production ratio97,800 3,213 618 95Natural Gas (billion cubic feet)Proved reserves, 2013 Dry natural gas production, 2012 Dry natural gas consumption, 2012 Reserves-to-production ratio215,025 1,854 2,235 116UAE summary energy statisticsC Critical appraisal of sustainability targets on argument plan of your chosen organisation Oil firms in United Arab Emirates is still quite immature. more or less businesses are controlled by a few shareholders and family self-control is overabundant. Most large and small businesses are family businesses (Saidi, 2004). The state is also significantly involved in the management of companies (Union of Arab Banks, 2003). This is contrary to the term quo in Western democracies where firms are owned by a diverse group of shareholders which makes self-possession to be completely separated from control. The monomania structure in United Arab Emirates suggests that stewardship and monitoring nerves of non-executive directors (NEDs) is absent in firms based in United Arab Emirates. self-control soaking up has remained high in the region because of practices such as rights issues which change existing wealthy shareholders, and influential families to subscribe to new shares in Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) (Musa, 2002). According to a study of the corporate governance practices of five countries by the Union of Arab Banks (2003), ownership of corporations is concentrated in the hands of families. In addition, corporate boards are dominated by imperative shareholders, their relatives and friends (Union of Arab Banks, 2003). There is a no illume disengagement between control and ownership. Decision making is dominated by share holders. The number of independent directors in the board is real small and the functions of the CEO and Chairman are carried out by the similar soul. The high concentration in firm ownership therefore undermines the principles of good corporate governance that are prevalent in western settings (Yasin and Shehab, 2004). This grounds is consistent with findings by the World Bank (2003) in an investigation of corporate governance practices in the Middle East North Africa (MENA) region which also includes the Gulf region.1.0 Objective of empirical recount The empirical evidence on the impact of ownership structure on firm performance is mixed. Different studies have made use of different samples to arrive at different, contradictory and aroundtimes tall(prenominal) to compare conclusions. The literature suggests that there are two main ownership structures in firm including scatter ownership and concentrated ownership. With respect to concentrated ownership, most of the em pirical evidence suggests that concentrated ownership damagingly reckons performance (e.g., Johnson et al., 2000 Gugler and Weigand, 2003 Grosfeld, 2006 Holmstrom and Tirole, 1993). Different studies have also focused on how specifically concentrated ownership structures affect firm performance. For example, with respect to government ownership, Jefferson (1998), Stiglitz (1996), and Sun et al. (2002) provide theoretical arguments that government ownership is apt(predicate) to positively affect firm performance because government ownership can facilitate the resolution of issues regarding the ambiguous blank space rights. However, Xu and Wang (1999) and Sun and Tong (2003) provide empirical evidence that government ownership has a negative impact on firm performance. On the contrary, Sun et al. (2002) provide empirical evidence that government ownership has a positive impact on firm performance. It has also been argued that the kin between government ownership and firm per formance is non-linear. Another commonly investigated ownership type and its impact on firm performance is family ownership. Anderson and Reeb (2003), Villanonga and Amit (2006), Maury (2006), Barontini and Caprio (2006), and Pindado et al. (2008) suggest that there is a positive connective between family ownership and firm performance. Despite the positive impact some studies argue that the impact of family ownership is negative (e.g. DeAngelo and DeAngelo, 2000 Fan and Wong, 2002 Schulze et al., 2001 Demsetz, 1983 Fama and Jensen, 1983 Shleifer and Vishny, 1997). The impact of alien ownership has also been investigated. Most of the evidence suggests that foreign ownership has a positive impact on firm performance (e.g., Arnold and Javorcik, 2005 Petkova, 2008 Girma, 2005 Girma and Georg, 2006 Girma et al., 2007 Chari et al., 2011 Mattes, 2008).With respect to managerial ownership, it has been argued that the relationship is likely to be positive. Despite this suggestion Dem setz and Lehn (1985) observe a negative relationship between dispersed ownership and firm performance. institutional ownership has also been found to have a positive impact on firm performance (e.g. McConnell and Servaes, 1990 Han and Suk, 1998 Tsai and Gu, 2007). Furthermore, some studies suggest that there is no link between insider ownership and performance. Very limited studies have been conducted on the impact of ownership structure on firm performance in GCC countries like UAE. For example, Arouri et al. (2013) provide evidence that bank performance is affected by family ownership, foreign ownership and institutional ownership and that there is no significant impact of government ownership on bank performance. Zeitun and Al-Kawari (2012) observe a significant positive impact of government ownership on firm performance in the Gulf region. The pervasive endogeneity of ownership has been cited as a potential reason why it is difficult to disentangle the relationship betwe en ownership structure and firm performance. In addition, the relation may be a function of the type of firm as well as the pointedness of observation in the life of the firm. This study is motivated by the mixed results obtained in previous studies and the limited number of studies that have focused on UAE as part of GCC countries. The objective of the study is to explore in more details the factors that motivate particular types of ownership structure and the potential impact of ownership structure and firm performance in the Gulf region2.0 Empirical test The empirical evidence will focus on how different ownership structures affect firm performance. Firms are often characterized by concentrated and dispersed ownership. Concentrated ownership is expected to have a positive impact on firm performance owning to the increased monitoring that it provides. Dispersed ownership has been found to be less frequent than expected. Empirical evidence suggests that most firms are cha racterized by various forms of ownership concentration. Given this high level of ownership concentration, there has been an increasing concern over the protection of the rights of non-controlling shareholders (Johnson et al., 2000 Gugler and Weigand, 2003). Empirical evidence shows that ownership concentration at best results in poor performance. Concentrated ownership is addressly and has the potential of promoting the exploitation of non-controlling shareholders by controlling shareholders (Grosfeld, 2006). Holmstrom and Tirole (1993) argue that concentrated ownership can contribute to poor liquidity, which can in turn negatively affect performance. In addition, high ownership concentration limits the ability of the firm to diversify (Demsetz and Lehn, 1985 Admati et al., 1994). There are various forms of concentrated ownership such as government ownership, family ownership, managerial ownership, institutional ownership and foreign ownership. In the next section, the literature r eview will focus on how these separate ownership structures affect firm performance.2.1.1 giving medication Ownership The impact of government ownership on firm performance has attracted the attention of many researchers because the government accounts for the largest proportion of shares of listed companies in some countries and also because government ownership can be used as an instrument of intervention by the government (Kang and Kim, 2012). Shleifer and Vishny (1997) suggest that government ownership can contribute to poor firm performance because Government Owned enterprises often face political insistence for excessive employment. In addition, it is often difficult to monitor managers of government owned enterprises and there is often a lack of interest in carrying out business process reengineering (Shleifer and Vishny, 1996 Kang and Kim, 2012). Contrary to Shleifer and Vishny (1997) some economists have argued that government ownership can improve firm performance i n less developed and emerging economies in particular. This is because government ownership can facilitate the resolution of issues with respect to ambiguous property rights. The empirical evidence on the impact of state ownership on firm performance is mixed. For example, Xu and Wang (1999) provide evidence of a negative relationship between state ownership and firm performance based on data for Chinese listed firms over the period 1993-1995. The study, however, fails to find any link between the market-to-book ratio and state ownership (Xu and Wang, 1999). Sun and Tong (2003) employ ownership data from 1994 to 2000 and compares legal person ownership with government ownership. The study provides evidence that government ownership negatively affects firm performance while legal person ownership positively affects firm performance. This conclusion is based on the market-to-book ratio as the measure of firm performance. However, victimization blow over on sales or gross ea rnings as the measure of firm performance, the study provides evidence that government ownership has no effect on firm performance. Sun et al. (2002) provide contrary evidence from above. Using data over the period 1994-1997, Sun et al. (2002) provide evidence that both legal person ownership and government ownership had a positive effect on firm performance. They explain their results by suggesting that legal person ownership is another form of government ownership. The above studies treat the relationship between government ownership and firm performance as linear. However it has been argued that the relationship is not linear. Huang and Xiao (2012) provide evidence that government ownership has a negative net effect on performance in spiritual rebirth economies. La Porta et al. (2002) provide evidence across 92 countries that government ownership of banks contributes negatively to bank performance. The evidence is consistent with Dinc (2005) and Brown and Dinc (2005) who inv estigate government ownership banks in the U.S.2.1.2 Family Ownership Family ownership is very common in oil firms in UAE. There is a difference between family ownership and other types of shareholders in that family owners tend to be more interested in the long-term survival of the firm than other types of shareholders(Arosa et al., 2010).. Furthermore, family owners tend to be more concerned about the firms record of the firm than other shareholders (Arosa et al., 2010). This is because damage to the firms reputation can also result in damage the familys reputation. Many studies have investigated the relationship between family ownership and firm performance. They provide evidence of a positive relationship between family ownership and firm performance (e.g. Anderson and Reeb, 2003 Villalonga and Amit, 2006 Maury, 2006 Barontini and Caprio, 2006 Pindado et al., 2008). The positive relationship between family ownership and firm performance can be attributed to a number of factors. For example, Arosa et al. (2010) suggests that family firms long-term goals indicate that this category of firms desire investing over long horizons than other shareholders. In addition, because there is a significant relationship between the wealth of the family and the value of the family firm, family owners tend to have greater incentives to monitor managers (agents) than other shareholders (Anderson and Reeb, 2003). Furthermore, family owners would be more interested in offering incentives to managers that will make them loyal to the firm. In addition, there is a substantial long-term presence of families in family firms with strong intentions to preserve the name of the family. These family members are therefore more likely to forego short-term financial rewards so as to enable future generations take over the business and protect the familys reputation (Wang, 2006). In addition, family ownership has positive economic consequences on the business. There are stron g control structures that can motivate family members to communicate effectively with other shareholders and creditors using higher quality financial reporting with the resulting effect being a reduction in the cost of financing the business. Furthermore, families are interested in the long-term survival of the firm and family, which reduces the opportunistic behavior of family members with regard to the distribution of earnings and allocation of management,. Despite the positive impact of family ownership on firm performance, it has been argued that family ownership promotes high ownership concentration, which in turn creates corporate governance problems. In addition, high ownership concentration results in other types of costs. As earlier mentioned, La Porta et al. (1999) and Vollalonga and Amit (2006) argue that controlling shareholders are likely to undertake activities that will give them gain unfair advantage over non-controlling shareholders. For example, family fir ms may be opposed to pay dividends . Another reason why family ownership can have a negative impact on firm performance is that controlling family shareholders can easily favour their own interests at the expenditure of non-controlling shareholders by running the company as a family employment service. Under such circumstances, management positions will be limited to family members and extraordinary dividends will be paid to family shareholders. Agency costs may educate because of dividend payments and management entrenchment. Families may also have their own interests and concerns that may not be in line with the concerns and interests of other investor groups. Schulze et al. (2001) provide a discussion, which suggests that the impact of family ownership on firm performance can be a function of the generation. For example, noting that agency costs often arise as a result of the separation of ownership from control, they argue that first generation family firms tend to ha ve limited agency problems because the management and direction decisions are made by the same individual. As such agency costs are reduced because the separation of ownership and control has been completely eliminated. Given that there is no separation of ownership and control in the first generation family firm, the firm relationship between family ownership and performance is likely to be positive (Miller and Le-Breton-Miller, 2006). As the firm enters second and third generations, the family property becomes shared by an increasingly large number of family members with diverse interests. The moment conflict of interests sets in the relationship between family ownership and performance turns negative in accordance to. Furthermore, agency problems arise from family relations because family members with control over the firms resources are more likely to be generous to their children and other relatives. To summarize, the relationship between family ownership and firm performa nce may be non-linear. This means that the relationship is likely to be positive and negative at the same time. To support this contention, a number of studies have observed a non-linear relationship between family ownership and firm performance (e.g. Anderson and Reeb, 2003 Maury, 2006). This means that when ownership is less concentrated, family ownership is likely to have a positive impact on firm performance. As the family ownership concentration increases, minority shareholders tend to be exploited by family owners and thus the impact of family ownership on firm performance tends negative. Small countries have a relatively weak diamond of competitive advantages.D. Analysis1.0 Potters Diamond Model The competitive forces advantages or analysis ought to be fixed on the main competition factors and its impact analysis on the business (Porter 1998, p.142). The state, and home wealth cannot be inherited -3554730607695Faktorski uvjeti00Faktorski uvjeti-27546301293495Vezane i podravajue industrije00Vezane i podravajue industrije-332041536195ansa00ansa it ought to be produced (Porter 1998, p.155). This wealth is influenced by the ability of industry to continually upgrade and innovate itself, and this is achievable exclusively by increase means in production in all parts of fiscal action. The model of Porter concerns aspect which circuitously or openly affects advantage of competition. The aspect structure a place where given manufacturing sector like in this case, oil sector, state or region a learn and act on the way of competing in that environment.Left0-3686175215392000Each diamond (oil) and the field of diamond (oil) as the whole structure consists of main influences that makes the oil sector competition to be successive. These influences entail every ability and resource vital for competitive advantage of the sector data forming the opportunity and providing the response to how accessible abilities and resources ought to be ruled each interest gro up ride and the is most crucial, oil sector pressure to innovating and investing.Swot analysisStrengthsThe oil sector has many historic period producing oil and so is well established.Comparatively lots of sub-sectors for industrialist stability and support.WeaknessesComparatively out of date scientific foundation.Inadequate well educated professionals and residents in comparison to the new industry needs.Lesser costs of work cost in oil sector due to low salary from regular salaries in UAE.Opportunities The likeliness for resources application of EU agreement funds, as is the state resourcesReasonably good quality of 11 % tweak students share that are likely to be absorbed into this oil sector.Contribution in motivational and investment projects that help in developing the economy of UAE every time.ThreatsExpansion of oil production capacity of economies of South-Eastern that have competed with low prices of products and little costs of production.Loan jobs and production g lobalisation.Reinforcement of local competition of adjacent economies, and thus reinforcing actions that attract direct overseas exploitation of the oil sector in UAE through investments. point of referencesAdmati, A., Pfleiderer, P., and Zechner, J. 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Victimization At School Essay Example for Free

Victimization At School EssayOne type of victimization that flock exceed at school is school shootings. We stick out seen in addition legion(predicate) a(prenominal) times where students and teachers have been victimized by other students who bring heavy weapons to school and take needy lives, due to many personal reasons. There is a huge need for stricter gas control laws to crop certain that students are safer in their educational institutions. as well as many deaths occur where school students are victimized when individuals decide they want to bring weapons to school and r unwrapine them against innocent victims. Hugh LaFollette explains to us that (LaFollette, 2000) The literature of gun advocates supports my contention that guns are inherently dangerous. They advocate the private monomania of guns to prevent crime and to arm the militia. munitions net serve these purposes only because they are effective means of inflicting and impenetr consecrate harm. It is fair to say that guns still cause innocent victims to lose their lives and shouldnt be available for blue-blooded adit to dangerous individuals. The recent massacre at Virginia Tech and other needless shootings be that guns can end up in the wrong hands and cause innocent victims to lose their lives.Maggie Rodriguez from The Early steer on CBS tells us that (Rodriguez, 2007) Its been eight years since Columbine, Helmke said via satellite from Washington, D. C. Weve d oneness nothing as a country. Its been six months since the Amish school shootings. Weve done nothing as a country. We need to be asking out elected officials what they can do to prevent wad from getting these kinds of high-powered weapons. Weapons have been easily genial and have ultimately reached the hands of the wrong people who have taken the life of many innocent people in our schools.We have seen too many times how guns have been the weapons utilized by half-crazed individuals, used to cause too many s enseless injuries and fatalities, at schools. We also have the argument from those in the pro-gun camp who will easily say that if people are permitted to carry concea lead weapons to protect themselves, they can prevent these kinds of fatalities from taking place in our school settings. By allowing everyone to carry guns, we would be placing too many others lives in danger.Although, there would be instances such as the killings that took place at Virginia Tech, where guns could have possibly stopped the shooter, there would be more instances where lives would be taken because of this well-fixed access to guns. By keeping guns away from the general public, we would make it more complicated for people like the gunman at Virginia Tech to get their hands on guns to kill innocent victims. Many gun rights groups, that are led by the field Rifle Association will argue that proposals that ask for stricter gun laws breach on the constitutional rights of every law-abiding citizen.They assu me that these bans on the sale of specific types of weapons havent proved effective in decreasing crime, and that proposals for stricter background checks at all gun shows are formed to ward off gun shows, themselves. Many gun manufacturers have easily volunteered the support for safety locks, but the NRA has criticized these safety locks for placing a huge burden on gun manufacturers, without benefiting to the public. Georgeann Rooney who is a specialist at a Secret run National Threat Assessment Center explained a 2002 federal study where 37 school shootings and set upons were looked at from 1974 to 2000.Rooney explains that (Rooney, 2007) While the study said there is no accurate profile of students who engage in targeted madness at schools, it noted that many said they felt bullied, persecuted or injured by others before the attacks oIn the Santana spirited incident, Charles Andy Williams complained about existence bullied before he went on a shooting rampage at the Santee campus, go forth two dead and 13 wounded. The same study showed that Most attackers had access to and had used weapons before the attack and prior to around incidents, other people knew about the attackers plans.We learn that Most attackers had difficulty coping with of import losses or personal failures and many had considered or attempted suicide. We see very often that most attackers who take innocent lives on school property have serious mental disturbances. We learn from The National Center of resilient Statistics that (NCVS, 1999) The risk of death at school based on 93 incidents that occurred in the nations 119,000 schools over a ten-year period, the annual probability of a school experiencing a student-perpetrated homicide is about 1 in 11,520. The biggest concern is that there are many people who should be allowed to collect and carry guns, because they pose no threat to society but faraway too many times student, teachers and other school rung members suffer at th e hands of disturbed individuals. Not everyone should be considered dangerous individuals because they carry guns, but by allowing guns to remain in their hands, we are making it too easy for tragic shootings to take place at our schools, when these when these weapons end up in the wrong hands.We learn from News Batch that (News Batch, 2005) gunslinger control was not a major issue in the 2004 Presidential campaign. The percentage of Americans who consider gun control as an beta issue has declined from 3% to 1%. Fewer Americans are supportive of gun control in general and handgun control in particular. By not making gun control issues an important issue, we are ignoring a dangerous situation, where young students suffer to needless killings at school. Even with background checks, it is far too risky to allow individuals to have easy access to guns.The shooter at Virginia Tech was able to leveraging guns because he had a background check that was clean because all shooters have c riminal records. Gun control activists still believe that it is far to easy for criminals to obtain guns and that an alarming proportion of the population remains armed. Their concern has been fueled by an unprecedented recent rash of school shootings and fatalities. Many experts are blaming this phenomena on violent video games and poor parenting but in each case the youths involved had easy access to the weapons that they used.Gun control advocates support measures which would require locks on all guns, which would apply the provisions of the Brady bill to gun shows. These gun control advocate groups also advocate a federal law allowing only one handgun purchase per month and raising the age for gun ownership from 18 to 21. By increase the age limit for buying guns to 21, we may decrease the number of shootings that take place but we arent eliminating the possibilities for dangerous individuals to get their hands on guns that kill. earth-closet W.Mashek (Mashek, 2007) tells us t hat The tragedy at Virginia Tech should open our sees to a problem our nation refuses to confront. The easy access to guns and lethal weapons is a national disgrace. In Virginia alone, gun owners are limited to one purchase a month. I can hear the response from the NRA already masses kill people. Yes, but they do it with guns and too frequently with those easily accessible weapons. He goes on to say that The condolences from the NRA are of little comfort to the mourners of those slaughtered in Blacksburg.The NRA, to put it bluntly, has too many willing friends in Congress from both political parties. Campaign cash flows to them in hefty amounts. Members of both parties should be ashamed. Without easy access to guns, criminals are less likely to kill. There are many individuals who will argue that People kill, not guns. Yes, this may be true, but without guns, they have less opportunity to kill. When killing is on the mind of a deranged individual, they usually look for guns to commit murders and by not making guns easy to buy, we are decreasing the threat that is upon society.Michael Daily, a daily news columnists asks, (Daily, 2007) Still love those guns, Virginia? It is clear that many people are fed up with guns being so available to the general public. There must be serious restrictions placed on buying weapons. These restrictions should make it impossible for the entire general public to purchase guns. It is a fact that guns do kill and we must remove this threat that is causing so many needless shootings at our schools across the United States.Guns can be accessed much too easily and it is up to all Americans to stand up and say that we are tired of worrying about ourselves and our loved ones being taken out by individuals who have problems dealing with society. It is unfair for innocent victims to lose their lives because someone is having a bad day and can easily walk to the gun store and purchase a gun, in a rather small period of time. We must v ote for strict gun control laws and make it far less possible for guns to reach the hands of the wrong people who kill and victimize students too oftenReferencePage LaFollette, Hugh. (2000). Gun Control. Ethics. Vol. 1. P. 263-81. News Batch. (2005). Gun Control Policy Issues. www. newsbatch. com/guncontrol. htm. Mashek, John W. (2007). Guns Kill People. Period. . A Capital View. US News and World Report. Rodriguez, Maggie. (2007). Shootings at VA Tech Spark Gun Debate. The Early Show. CBS. Rooney, Georgeann. (2007). Secret Service National Threat Assessment Center. The National Center for Vital Statistics. (1999). Serious Violent Crimes in Schools. www. youthviolence. ed.